DBQ Essay Causes Of The French Revolution - 1043 Words

The French Revolution of 1789 had many long-range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions in France mad many French people discontented. Most disaffected were merchants, artisans, workers, and peasants. The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers brought new views of government and society. The American Revolution also influenced the coming of The French Revolution. Therefore, The French Revolution of 1789 had several causes not only due to political, but also due to social and economic issues and problems as well that made France ripe for revolution. The most important long-range causes of this revolution, however, were the ideas of the Enlightenment, the unfair taxes, the gap between the rich and poor, and the American Revolution†¦show more content†¦There are very few members in the first and second estates, yet they owned the most land, while the third estate made up most of the population, yet owned very little land. â€Å"First: Clergy - 1% of the people owned 10% of the land. Second Estate: Nobles - 2% of the people owned 35% of the land. Third Estate - Middle class, peasants, city workers 97% of the people owned 55% of the land.† (Document 2) There were high prices, high taxes, and people were listening to enlightenment ideas. Louis XVI decided to tax the Second Estate. They called a meeting of the Estates-General - an assembly of representatives from all three estates. (ROI) In addition, as a political cause, the third estate had no privileges or say in the government,while both the clergy and nobles did. As mentioned before, the inequality of taxes proved another gap in the social classes. â€Å"The Revolution had been accomplished in the minds of men long before it was translated into fact.... The middle class...was sensitive to their inferior legal position. The Revolution came from them-the middle class. The working classes were incapable of starting or controlling the Revolution. They were just beginning to learn to read.à ¢â‚¬  (Document 4) Estates- General was the first such meeting in 175 years. Met on May 5th,1789 in Versailles. In the Estate- General each estate had one vote. (ROI) Finally, the influence of the American Revolution andShow MoreRelatedAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesAP Exam Essays 2001-2010 2010 AP Exam Essays 1. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? 2. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the comingRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 PagesUsing the DBQ Practice Questions from The Enduring Vision, Sixth Edition A Teachers’ Guide Ray Soderholm Minnetonka High School Minnetonka, Minnesota Using the DBQ Practice Questions from The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition A Teachers’ Guide This guide is intended to suggest some possible ways that students may organize essays related to the document-based questions in the Advanced Placement version of The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition, and to provide teachers with some information on each included

Labelling Theory Free Essays

string(45) " one of disillusionment with the government\." Labeling theory had its origins in Suicide, a book by French sociologist Emile Durkheim. He found that crime is not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. He was the first to suggest that deviant labeling satisfies that function and satisfies society’s need to control the behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Labelling Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a contributor to American Pragmatism and later a member of the Chicago School, George Herbert Mead posited that the self is socially constructed and reconstructed through the interactions which each person has with the community. The labeling theory suggests that people obtain labels from how others view their tendencies or behaviors. Each individual is aware of how they are judged by others because he or she has attempted many different roles and functions in social interactions and has been able to gauge the reactions of those present. This theoretically builds a subjective conception of the self, but as others intrude into the reality of that individual’s life, this represents objective data which may require a re-evaluation of that conception depending on the authoritativeness of the others’ judgment. Family and friends may judge differently from random strangers. More socially representative individuals such as police officers or judges may be able to make more globally respected judgments. If deviance is a failure to conform to the rules observed by most of the group, the reaction of the group is to label the person as having offended against their social or moral norms of behavior. This is the power of the group: to designate breaches of their rules as deviant and to treat the person differently depending on the seriousness of the breach. The more differential the treatment, the more the individual’s self-image is affected. Labeling theory concerns itself mostly not with the normal roles that define our lives, but with those very special roles that society provides for deviant behavior, called deviant roles, stigmatic roles, or social stigma. A social role is a set of expectations we have about a behavior. Social roles are necessary for the organization and functioning of any society or group. We expect the postman, for example, to adhere to certain fixed rules about how he does his job. Deviance† for a sociologist does not mean morally wrong, but rather behavior that is condemned by society. Deviant behavior can include both criminal and non-criminal activities. Investigators found that deviant roles powerfully affect how we perceive those who are assigned those roles. They also affect how the deviant actor perceives himself and his relationship to society. The deviant roles and the labels attached to th em function as a form of social stigma. Always inherent in the deviant role is the attribution of some form of â€Å"pollution† or difference that marks the labeled person as different from others. Society uses these stigmatic roles to them to control and limit deviant behavior: â€Å"If you proceed in this behavior, you will become a member of that group of people. † Whether a breach of a given rule will be stigmatized will depend on the significance of the moral or other tenet it represents. For example, adultery may be considered a breach of an informal rule or it may be criminalized depending on the status of marriage, morality, and religion within the community. In most Western countries, adultery is not a crime. Attaching the label â€Å"adulterer† may have some unfortunate consequences but they are not generally severe. But in some Islamic countries, zina is a crime and proof of extramarital activity may lead to severe consequences for all concerned. Stigma is usually the result of laws enacted against the behavior. Laws protecting slavery or outlawing homosexuality, for instance, will over time form deviant roles connected with those behaviors. Those who are assigned those roles will be seen as less human and reliable. Deviant roles are the sources of negative stereotypes, which tend to support society’s disapproval of the behavior. [edit]George Herbert Mead One of the founders of social interactionism, George Herbert Mead focused on the internal processes of how the mind constructs one’s self-image. In Mind, Self, and Society (1934),[1] he showed how infants come to know persons first and only later come to know things. According to Mead, thought is both a social and pragmatic process, based on the model of two persons discussing how to solve a problem. Our self-image is, in fact, constructed of ideas about what we think others are thinking about us. While we make fun of those who visibly talk to themselves, they have only failed to do what the rest of us do in keeping the internal conversation to ourselves. Human behavior, Mead stated, is the result of meanings created by the social interaction of conversation, both real and imaginary. [edit]Frank Tannenbaum Frank Tannenbaum is considered the grandfather of labeling theory. His Crime and Community (1938),[2] describing the social interaction involved in crime, is considered a pivotal foundation of modern criminology. While the criminal differs little or not at all from others in the original impulse to first commit a crime, social interaction accounts for continued acts that develop a pattern of interest to sociologists. Tannenbaum first introduced the idea of ‘tagging’. [3] While conducting his studies with delinquent youth, he found that a negative tag or label often contributed to further involvement in delinquent activities. This initial tagging may cause the individual to adopt it as part of their identity. The crux of Tannenbaum’s argument is that the greater the attention placed on this label, the more likely the person is to identify themselves as the label. Kerry Townsend writes about the revolution in criminology caused by Tannenbaum’s work: â€Å"The roots of Frank Tannenbaum’s theoretical model, known as the â€Å"dramatization of evil† or labeling theory, surfaces in the mid- to late-thirties. At this time, the ‘New Deal’ legislation had not defeated the woes of the Great Depression, and, although dwindling, immigration into the United States continued (Sumner, 1994). 4] The social climate was one of disillusionment with the government. You read "Labelling Theory" in category "Papers" The class structure was one of cultural isolationism; cultural relativity had not yet taken hold. ‘The persistence of the class structure, despite the welfare reforms and controls over big business, was unmistakable. ‘[5] The Positivist School o f Criminological thought was still dominant, and in many states, the sterilization movement was underway. The emphasis on biological determinism and internal explanations of crime were the preeminent force in the theories of the early thirties. This dominance by the Positivist School changed in the late thirties with the introduction of conflict and social explanations of crime and criminality†¦ â€Å"One of the central tenets of the theory is to encourage the end of labeling process. In the words of Frank Tannenbaum, â€Å"the way out is through a refusal to dramatize the evil†, the justice system attempts to do this through diversion programs. The growth of the theory and its current application, both practical and theoretical, provide a solid foundation for continued popularity. [6]: [edit]Edwin Lemert It was sociologist Edwin Lemert (1951) who introduced the concept of â€Å"secondary deviance. † The primary deviance is the experience connected to the overt behavior, say drug addiction and its practical demands and consequences. Secondary deviation is the role created to deal with society’s condemnation of the behavior. With other sociologists of his time, he saw how all deviant acts are socia l acts, a result of the cooperation of society. In studying drug addiction, Lemert observed a very powerful and subtle force at work. Besides the physical addiction to the drug and all the economic and social disruptions it caused, there was an intensely intellectual process at work concerning one’s own identity and the justification for the behavior: â€Å"I do these things because I am this way. † There might be certain subjective and personal motives that might first lead a person to drink or shoplift. But the activity itself tells us little about the person’s self-image or its relationship to the activity. Lemert writes: â€Å"His acts are repeated and organized subjectively and transformed into active roles and become the social criteria for assigning status†¦.. When a person begins to employ his deviant behavior or a role based on it as a means of defense, attack, or adjustment to the overt and covert problems created by the consequent societal reaction to him, his deviation is secondary† [7] [edit]Howard Becker While it was Lemert who introduced the key concepts of labeling theory, it was Howard Becker who became their champion. He first began describing the process of how a person adopts a deviant role in a study of dance musicians, with whom he once worked. He later studied the identity formation of marijuana smokers. This study was the basis of his Outsiders published in 1963. This work became the manifesto of the labeling theory movement among sociologists. In his opening, Becker writes: â€Å"†¦ social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those roles to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender. ‘ The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. [8] While society uses the stigmatic label to justify its condemnation, the deviant actor uses it to justify his actions. He wrote: â€Å"To put a complex argument in a few words: instead of the deviant motives leading to the deviant behavior, it is the other way around, the deviant behavior in time produces the deviant motivation. â€Å"[9] Becker’s immensely popular views were also su bjected to a barrage of criticism, most of it blaming him for neglecting the influence of other biological, genetic effects and personal responsibility. In a later 1973 edition of his work, he answered his critics. He wrote that while sociologists, while dedicated to studying society, are often careful not to look too closely. Instead, he wrote: â€Å"I prefer to think of what we study as collective action. People act, as Mead and Blumer have made clearest, together. They do what they do with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the future. One tries to fit his own line of action into the actions of others, just as each of them likewise adjusts his own developing actions to what he sees and expects others to do. [10] Francis Cullen reported in 1984 that Becker was probably too generous with his critics. After 20 years, his views, far from being supplanted, have been corrected and absorbed into an expanded â€Å"structuring perspective. â€Å"[11] [edit]Albert Memmi In The Colonizer and the Colonized (1965) Albert Memmi described the deep psychological effects of the social stigma created by the domination of one group by another. He wrote: â€Å"The longer the oppression lasts, the more profoundly it affects him (the oppressed). It ends by becoming so familiar to him that he believes it is part of his own constitution, that he accepts it and could not imagine his recovery from it. This acceptance is the crowning point of oppression. â€Å"[12] In Dominated Man (1968), Memmi turned his attention to the motivation of stigmatic labeling: it justifies the exploitation or criminalization of the victim. He wrote: â€Å"Why does the accuser feel obliged to accuse in order to justify himself? Because he feels guilty toward his victim. Because he feels that his attitude and his behavior are essentially unjust and fraudulent†¦. Proof? In almost every case, the punishment has already been inflicted. The victim of racism is already living under the weight of disgrace and oppression†¦. In order to justify such punishment and misfortune, a process of rationlization is set in motion, by which to explain the ghetto and colonial exploitation. â€Å"[13] Central to stigmatic labeling is the attribution of an inherent fault: It is as if one says, â€Å"There must be something wrong with these people. Otherwise, why would we treat them so badly? † [edit]Erving Goffman Perhaps the most important contributor to labeling theory was Erving Goffman, President of the American Sociological Association, and one of America’s most cited sociologists. His most popular books include The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life,[14] Interaction Ritual, [15] and Frame Analysis. [16] His most important contribution to labeling theory, however, was Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity published in 1963. [17] Unlike other authors who examined the process of adopting a deviant identity, Goffman explored the ways people managed that identity and controlled information about it. 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A London Fete Essay Example For Students

A London Fete Essay It puts the reader in the moment and gives them a sense of what is taking place. Following the climax of the poem, it resumes its iambic tetrameter base style, essentially calming the reader and attempting to create a sense of routine following the excitement of the celebration. Its rhythm is a contrast to the rather violent events that are still taking place and the acceptance of these events as both appropriate and normal: A baby strung its doll to a stick;/ A mother praised the pretty trick: (42/ 43). Despite what the rhythm suggests, these events are just as brutal as the hanging and leave the reader feeling uneasy and unsettled. The return to the poems base metrics helps suggest that these violent events are normal, thus underscoring the ironic tone first set in the poems title. The use of devices such as alliterative language and onomatopoeia emphasize the sinister theme of the poem. The repeated use of the unvoiced consonant s, most notably in lines 15-24 and 36-40, calls to mind the hiss of a restless crowd. It also likens the noise of the crowd to the hiss of a snake, long a symbol of evil action when depicted in literature (most notably in the bible, lending the weight of moral judgment to the authors words). The onomatopoeic effect of words such as clanged (2) bawled (14), roar (27), burst (28) and clatter (35) accentuates the dissonance and ugliness of the days events. From the first line, the repetition of particular words has a similar effect; shock on shock incorporates all three of these devices and alludes to the poems shocking climax. The overall effect of the language used is both phonetically and figuratively harsh. One would hope that after reading A London Fete one takes the time to consider ones own behavior when placed in a (time appropriate) similar situation. The text seems to urge the reader to reflect on their social and moral conscience to compare and contrast their behavior with that of the mob in the poem. How likely are it that our own society would behave in such a manner and to whom shall we be held accountable if not ourselves? The poem is a dark commentary on the difference between what we present as our standards of right and wrong and how we often stray from these standards when the opportunity presents itself. I found this to be a difficult and yet interesting assignment. Difficult in that I had not been asked to critique a poem since high school and had to refresh my memory on just what I should be looking for. It was interesting because I often take literature at its face value, especially when reading strictly for pleasure. It was fun to look a little deeper at a poem, and to speculate about what the author may have intended for it to say. It was also interesting because the author was not given. This allowed me to draw my own conclusions about the piece without taking into consideration any of the biases created by age, gender, era, etc. Overall, I was often quite challenged but enjoyed th2e experience. Works Cited: 1. A London Fete (text supplied by instructor, other details withheld) 2. Parrot, E. O. ed. How To Be Well Versed in Poetry. London: Penguin, 1990 Assignment #1: A Critical Analysis of A London Fete By Alana Wilson Date: Monday, October 04, 2004 Class: Eng 203. 6 Insturctor: Dr. L. M. Findlay Student #: 950326.

Sepsis and Septic Shock Essay Example

Sepsis and Septic Shock Essay Sepsis refers to the uncontrolled systemic immune response to infection. It describes the condition known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome in which as infectious etiology is identified or suspected (Munford, 2001). The key element in sepsis is the overwhelming systemic inflammation as a result of the host’s reaction to microbial invasion. It involves augmented inflammatory signals in response to an infectious insult that is not controlled by local inflammatory processes. Bacteremia, which is the presence of bacteria and in blood or septicemia, which is the presence of any microbial agent in the blood can lead to sepsis. When the regulatory controls that put the inflammatory response in check are unable to contain the overwhelming reaction, unaffected organs are involved and severe sepsis ensues which is characterized by multiorgan dysfunction. As the homeostatic counterregulatory mechanism fails, sepsis progresses to septic shock, which is the presence of hypotension along with along with organ dysfunction. The hypotension, which is defined as systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mmHg or 40 mmHg less than the patient’s usual blood pressure, is unresponsive to fluid resuscitation. Unlike sepsis which is reversible, patients in septic shock have unfavorable prognosis and usually succumb despite aggressive treatment (Munford, 2001).EpidemiologyOver 10 million cases of sepsis have been reported in the United States based on a 22-year period study of discharge data from 750 million hospitalizations (Martin, Mannino, Eaton, Moss, 2003). Annually, approximately 750,000 people develop sepsis and more than 210,000 cases are fatal (Bernard, Vincent, Laterre, Larosa, Dhainaut, Lopez-Rodriguez et al 2001; Hotchkiss Karl, 2003). Despite advances in critical care management, sepsis has a mortality rate of 30 to 50 percent and is among the primary causes of death in intensive care units (Bernard et 2003; Mitchell, Cotran, 1999). It is believed th at the increasing incidence of severe sepsis is due to the growing population among the elderly as a result of increasing longevity among people with chronic diseases and the high prevalence of sepsis developing among patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (Munford, p.798 2001).PathophysiologyThere are a lot of factors attributable to the development of sepsis. Several studies have conflicting results on the pathologic basis of the disease and the exact mechanism involved has not been elucidated. The pathogenesis of sepsis is a series of complex interactions between offending microorganism and the host inflammatory, immune and coagulation responses. The accepted theory is that sepsis results from an uncontrolled inflammatory response in which our own defense system becomes so powerful that it causes more damage to our organs than the etiologic agent of the initial infection Hotchkiss Karl, 2003). This is based on the overstimulated immune response seen in studies of anim al models of sepsis which does not seem to correlate which the clinical picture in humans. Clinical trials involving anti-inflammatory agents have not been successful in patients with sepsis which led investigators to question if sepsis is indeed the result of uncontrolled inflammation (Hotchkiss Karl, 2003). In fact, sepsis with organ dysfunction is attributed to an inadequate immune response to primary local infection which allowed it to spill into the bloodstream and the ensuing tissue injury is primarily caused by superantigens and other virulence factors from the infecting microorganism (Russel, J.A., 2006).Approximately 70 percent of cases of septic shock are caused by gram-negative bacilli which produce endotoxin, hence the term endotoxic shock (Mitchell, Cotran, 1999). The endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharides(LPS) from the bacterial cell wall that are released after the wall is degraded during an inflammatory response. The reproduction of the hemodynamic picture of septi c shock through the injection of LPS alone shows that LPS is one of the main culprits of septic shock. The complex inflammatory cascade caused by LPS eventually leads to hypoxic injury and the multi organ failure is mostly evident in the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. The widespread hypoxia during septic shock causes the brain to develop ischemic encephalopathy while in the heart, cardiac muscles undergo coagulation necrosis and subendocardial hemorrhages. The kidneys undergo acute tubular necrosis as a result of extensive ischemic injury. This results into electrolyte disorders, oliguria and anuria which are severe complications of sepsis. Despite the high resistance of lungs tissues to hypoxic injury, diffuse alveolar damage can be seen in severe bacterial sepsis. In the gastrointestinal tract, hemorrhagic enteropathy develops which appears as patchy mucosal hemorrhages and necrosis. The liver undergoes fatty change and in severe ischemic injury, central hemorrhagic necrosis can be seen (Mitchell, Cotran, 1999).Clinical FeaturesThe clinical manifestations of sepsis are usually superimposed with the signs and symptoms of the primary infection and other underlying medical condition of the patient.However, in the course of the disease, an increasing intensity of inflammatory response to infection becomes evident although the rate varies among patients. Hyperventilation is usually one of the early signs. Manifestations of ischemic encephalopathy such as disorientation and confusion may also occur early in sepsis. They are usually seen among the elderly and in patients with preexisting neurocognitive deficits (Munford, 2001). Patients with hypotension usually presents with weak but rapid pulse accompanied by tachypnea and cold, clammy skin. However, patients in septic shock may be initially warm due to peripheral vasodilation in the skin (Mitchell, Cotran, 1999). It should be noted that some patients with sepsis are normothermic and e ven in the presence of infection, fever can be absent especially in neonates, elderly, and patients with uremia or suffering from alcoholism (Munford, p.801 2001).The occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation or DIC, which results from the widespread activation of the coagulation system, can predispose patients to ischemic necrosis especially to those with hypotension. This leads to skin lesions seen as pustules, cellulites, bullae or hemorrhagic lesions. Gastrointestinal involvement manifests as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and ileus. Patients with stress ulcers may present with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In cases of prolonged and severe hypotension, ischemic bowel necrosis may occur as well as acute hepatic injury. Elevation of serum levels of conjugated bilirubin often leads to cholestatic sepsis. Liver function test may reveal elevated blood levels of alkaline phosphatase which along with the elevated bilirubin represent an underlying hepatocellular or canalicular dysfunction (Munford, 2001).Treatment and PrognosisPatients with sepsis requires urgent management which is best accomplished in an intensive care setting by medical specialist experienced in the care of critically ill patients. The management entails immediate treatment of the focus of infection while providing adequate hemodynamic and ventilatory support.The appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be given immediately based on blood culture and sensitivity although an empiric initial treatment should be started based on known pathogens at identified sites of infection. An adequate antibiotic cover should include therapy against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganism. Pending results from blood cultures, empiric antimicrobial therapy can be based on several factors, especially in patients with no obvious source of infection. In immunocompetent adults, acceptable regimens include ceftriaxone or ticarcillin-clavulanate or piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem-cilastin or mero penem. Gentamycin or tobramycin may be added to these regimens. If the causative agent is suspected to be methicillin-resistant staphylococcous areus, vancomycin should be added to these regimens (Munford, 2001). In patients with AIDS, ceftazidime, tircacillin-clavilanate or piperacillin-tazobactam plus tobramycin should be used. In patients with drug allergy to beta lactams, ciprofloxacin plus vancomycin and tobramycin should be used (Munford, 2001). Other factors to be considered are the presence of neutropenia or neutrophil count of less than 500 per microliter, splenectomy and history of intravenous drug abuse. These patients require appropriate antimicrobial cover based on their higher susceptibility to certain microorganisms.The immediate removal of the focus of infection is also important in the successful management of patients with sepsis. Sites of infection should be identified immediately and appropriate drainage should be done when possible. In patients with indwelling i ntravenous catheters, microbial cultures should be done and a new catheter should be placed in another site. Adequate hemodynamic and respiratory support should also be provided especially in patients with septic shock to prevent tissue injury secondary to ischemia. The pulmonary wedge pressure and central venous pressure should be monitored constantly. Metabolic support should also be provided. The urine output should be watched closely for oliguria and anuria. Diuretic therapy with furosemide may be used (Munford, 2001).Despite aggressive treatment, many patients with severe sepsis and septic shock succumb to the disease. Several new agents have been developed which should promising outcome in averting death. These are drugs that neutralize the bacterial endotoxin such as monoclonal antibodies to endotoxins and drugs that interfere with the mediators of inflammatory response such as monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Another promising drug for severe sepsis is d rotrecogin alfa or recombinant human activated protein C which has shown antithrombotic, antiinflammatory, and profibrinolytic properties. A clinical study has shown that the drug significantly reduced the mortality in severe sepsis although due to its antithrombotic properties, the patients are at a higher risk of bleeding (Bernard, et al 2001).Further studies are necessary to better understand the pathogenesis leading to sepsis. The knowledge gained in these studies which further enhance the development of newer drugs with better safety profile. In addition, more clinical trials are important to assess the drug efficacy of existing drugs so that better management of sepsis can be formulated to improve the morbidity and mortality of the disease.

Intellectual Property Example

Intellectual Property Example Intellectual Property – Coursework Example Intelectual Property Law Reed’s argument that Reed had no foreknowledge of the existence of Raybok would not be justified on the grounds that he did not have fore knowledge that Raybok already existed because according to the USPTO, â€Å"The principal factors considered by the examining attorney in determining whether there would be a likelihood of confusion† includes when â€Å"similarity of the marks; and the commercial relationship between the goods and/or services listed in the application† (All Experts, 2011). What is even worse is that ignorance of the law is no excuse. Moreover, not only is there similarity in product but then there is similarity in the sound of the name of Reed’s shoe line with Raybok. Jassin (2011) posits that â€Å"if a company can demonstrate that another companys name could cause confusion among potential customers, it can sue for trademark infringement, even if the trademark isnt registered.†Based on the discussion abo ve, Reed would not have any right to use the name Reedbok for his line of shoes.On the payment of profits to Raybok however, Reedbok has a cause to defend itself against the payment because it is not counterfeiting the shoes of Raybok with that same name but then producing the shoes under different name. This is in light of the law, which states that â€Å"a company must not use a trade name, trade mark and/or geographic indication belonging to another entity as its company name† (In the House Lawyer, 2010). Of course, the name Reedbok is not the same as Raybok. Consumer vigilance has never been the duty or responsibility of owners of companies or copyright holders of names of products. Consumers are liable for their own choices. For this reason if any consumer out of ignorance or carelessness refuses to critically examine the shoes and buys the shoes thinking they are Raybok instead of Reedbok, Reed would not be the one at fault here and so would not be held accountable to p ay any earnings to Raybok. REFERENCE LISTAll Experts, (2011). Trademarks/Trademark available. Accessed June 27, 2011 from http://en.allexperts.com/q/Trademarks-2140/2010/2/Trademark-available.htmIn the House Lawyer, (2010). Preventing trade name infringement in Vietnam. inhouselawyer.co.uk/index.php/intellectual-property/8175-preventing-trade-name-infringement-in-vietnamJassin L.J (2011). Is it Possible to Trademark a Name of a Company? Accessed June 27, 2011 from ehow.com/info_8047314_possible-trademark-name-company.html

Cell Energy Worksheet Essay Sample

What is cellular respiration and what are its three phases? Cellular respiration is the procedure by which negatrons are transferred between glucose to coenzymes and so to oxygen. NTP is made by the resettlement of negatrons. The terminal consequence of the procedure is the C dioxide and H2O that are released as by-products of the procedure. The three phases are: glycolysis. citric acerb rhythm. and electron conveyance. What is the function of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen? Glycolysis is the sugar splitting procedure where the molecule is split in half outside of the chondriosome. The molecule NAD+ picks up negatrons and H atoms from the C molecule and go NADH. ATP is produced from the procedure. every bit good as pyruvic acid. Glycolysis can happen with or without O. With O it is the first phase of the cellular respiration. but if the procedure is done without O it is called agitation. What is the function of the citric acid rhythm? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen? The Citric Acid Cycle starts after the glycolysis rhythm produces the ethanoyl group CoA compound. The Coenzyme A is removed and the staying C skeleton is attached to another 4-carbon molecule. The new 6-carbon concatenation releases C dioxide. Two ATP’s are produced during this procedure for each molecule of glucose. The terminal consequence of the citric acid rhythm is 4 CO molecules. 6 NADH molecules. 2 ATP molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. The procedure is portion of the transition of carbs. fats. and proteins into C dioxide and H2O ; which is useable energy. What is the function of the negatron conveyance system? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen? The negatron conveyance is the bringing of negatrons through a concatenation of negatrons in the membrane of the chondriosome. Electrons are transported along the concatenation and as they move along the concatenation they lose energy. The O a individual breathes pulls negatrons from that concatenation and H2O is formed because of it. The energy released relays H ions across the membrane and creates a high H ion country. The H ions speed through the membrane and produces ATP. Photosynthesis: What is the overall end of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the procedure through which sunshine and C dioxide is changed into sugar and O for nutrient in workss. The C dioxide is strained into pores in the foliages and into the cells of the works. The cells filter the C dioxide into the chloroplasts. which convert the visible radiation to do C dioxide and H2O into sugar and O. Because photosynthesis merely occurs in workss. why is it indispensable to animal life? Through the nutrient concatenation. animate beings eat works life and addition foods from it for endurance. If certain animate beings couldn’t acquire the nutrient they need. so the animate beings that prey on these works feeders wouldn’t have nutrient either. Plants are indispensable to prolonging life in the nutrient concatenation. Photosynthesis besides helps because O is produced. which is indispensable for most of life on Earth. What is the function of the light reactions? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen? The light reactions are the first measure of the photosynthesis procedure by which visible radiation is absorbed into the chloroplasts. Inside the chloroplast. there are flattened sacs called thylakoids. The energy is converted into a chemical energy procedure. The photosystems. which are made of protein and chlorophyll. gaining control light energy and are connected by an negatron conveyance concatenation. The photosystem absorbs the light energy and makes the negatrons super active. The negatrons are replaced by negatrons striped from H2O and create O. The energized negatrons go down the conveyance system and let go of energy that pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. ATP and NADPH are produced and are used to do the sugar in the Calvin rhythm. What is the function of the Calvin rhythm? Include the reactants and the merchandises. Where does it happen? The Calvin rhythm takes topographic point in the thick fluid of the chloroplast called the stroma. Carbon dioxide molecules combine with RuBP molecules. They go through a series of reactions and the sugar molecules. called G3Ps. are rearranged back into RuBPs. G3Ps can be used to construct glucose or sucrose. Both are types of sugars that can be broken down into ATP’s necessary for works growing or other undertakings. The Calvin rhythm is indispensable for sugar creative activity for fuel in the photosynthesis procedure. Summary: Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked within ecosystems. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both generate molecules that are used between procedures. The ecosystems need both procedures because both procedures work together to maintain life traveling. The cellular respiration of organisms exhales C dioxide. which is so used by photosynthesis as a fuel to make the O necessary for life. Visit the NASA web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //data. Gb. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. gov/gistemp/graphs/ ) and research planetary temperature alterations. How has planetary heating affected overall temperatures? What effects do cellular respiration and photosynthesis have on planetary heating? Global heating is an addition in mean temperatures across the air. surface and oceans around the Earth. When nursery gases trap heat and visible radiation. the temperatures across the Earth rise. The ecosystems are threatened because species of workss and animate beings can’t adapt to the lifting temperatures and stop up deceasing out. There is an addition in CO2 gases and the cellular respiration/photosynthesis processes become imbalanced. For the procedures to work in harmoniousness. both the animate beings that exhale C dioxide and the workss that take the CO2 gas and change over it into O must every bit lend. If the workss die out. the animate beings will non acquire plenty O to last. If a works dies. the animate being that eats it will decease and so will the animate being that preys on that works feeder. The balance between cellular respiration and photosynthesis must be preserved. Mentions: Approximately. com. ( 2012 ) . Cellular Respiration. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //biology. about. com/od/cellularprocesses/a/cellrespiration. htm BioFlix. ( 2008 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //media. pearsoncmg. com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix. htm? eb4respiration [ Multimedia ] . Retrieved from BioFlix. SCI230 web site. BioFlix. ( 2008 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //media. pearsoncmg. com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix. htm? eb4photosynthesis [ Multimedia ] . Retrieved from BioFlix. SCI230 web site. GISS Surface Temperature Analysis. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from

UAE Labor law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UAE Labor law - Research Paper Example Employees worked for several hours and there was need to address some of the grievances that they had through legislation means and that commenced the labor law institution. In this regard, this paper attempts to address the following with reference to labor laws; As discussed above, labor laws refer to asset of legislations that tries to rationalize the needs of the employees and the employer so that there is a balance between the two parties. In most cases, the employees suffer the most when there are poor labor laws in an organization or within the trade unions. The labor laws thus tend to fight for the interest of the employee as compared to that of the employer. It stipulates clearly how and the extent within which the parties should associate by determining among other things salary and wages, working hours, health related issues at the work place, insurance of the employees, as well as the provision of the protective clothing where necessary (Keller, and Darby, 2005). Thus, labor laws are a set of legislations that provides for a realistic and harmonious relation between the two major players in the working environment- the employee and the employer. It ensures that no side is unduly considered in the play and that all are fairly represented and interest well noted. The labor laws are thus important in the event of a dispute between the employer and the employer in relation to other issues, which include unfair dismissal from work, discrimination, low wages, and long working hours than necessary (Mahdavi, 2011). The possible grievances that can be raised by the either parties are represented within the labor law and it can be used as the reference point for arbitration. It should also be noted that the laws are subject to editorial from time to time depending on the economic situation when it comes to the minimum wage that an employees

DISCUSSION BOARD PART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DISCUSSION BOARD PART 2 - Essay Example It is actually claimed, â€Å"Medicare fraud costs the U.S. government approximately $80 billion a year† (Stefanacci, 2010, p. 1). The federal government as well as healthcare legislative bodies in the healthcare industry find it extremely difficult to address this problem adequately since the healthcare industry relies heavily on health and billing records to track Medicaid fraud (Krause, 2010). More notably, tracking of fraud becomes difficult since reimbursement formulas are not appropriate. Additionally, technological advancement especially in information systems has not been fully utilized to address the issue. However, hope in addressing this issue is still overwhelming as research that is more rigorous and fruitful continues to find interest in policy implementers. Healthcare industry is continually benefiting from technological advancement. However, integrating technology and information systems that are more reliable to address Medicaid fraud has not yielded a lot since the specific problem has not yet been addressed. Therefore, the main point of concern for this research is to find the most appropriate and appealing use of technology and information systems to solve the menace of Medicaid fraud. Whereas it is a basic and constitutional human right to have access to affordable and appropriate healthcare, Medicaid programs are heavily compromised by Medicaid fraud. More specifically, approaches to address the issue of Medicaid fraud are yet to yield meaningful results since they rely heavily on traditional methods of health records. The problem becomes even more complicated when reimbursement formulas have not been harmonized and information systems have not yet been fully optimized to address this problem. From a perfectionist point of view, healthcare industry needs a near-perfect system of tracking Medicaid fraud for there to be meaningful

Counseling Models Essay Example for Free

Counseling Models Essay Most counseling models make use of the core conditions; empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence. A. Psychoanalytic Model Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic system is a model of personality development and approach to psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic: The original so called talking therapy involves analyzing the root causes of behavior and feelings by exploring the unconscious mind and the conscious minds relation to it. Many theories and therapies have evolved from the original Freudian psychoanalysis which utilizes free-association, dreams, and transference, as well other strategies to help the client know the function of their own minds. Traditional analysts have their clients lie on a couch as the therapist takes notes and interprets the clients thoughts, etc. Many theories and therapies have evolved from the original psychoanalysis, including Hypnotherapy, object-relations, Progoffs Intensive Journal Therapy, Jungian, and many others. One thing they all have in common is that they deal with unconscious motivation. Usually the duration of therapy is lengthy; however, many modern therapists use psychoanalytic techniques for short term therapies. Psychoanalytic counseling or Freudian psychology prompts patients to imagine lying on a couch and divulging personal information. This type of counseling relies on patients history and an analysis of their thoughts, behavior and feelings. NYU Medical Schools Psychoanalytic Institute holds that psychoanalysis is based on observations of patient behavior and recognition of symptoms and explores how unconscious factors play a role in relationships and behavior patterns. Psychoanalysts provide help to clients through the diagnosis of disorders and the utilization of talk therapy. Clients work through issues with the assistance of a trained counselor. Psychodynamic (psychoanalytic): Sees childhood as cause of present problems and focuses on exploring past in some depth. Explores transference – displaced feelings from early childhood experienced in adult situations. Uses ‘free association’. Long term. Psychoanalytic therapy is the model where clients lay down with no eye contact or relationship with the therapist. (Less common these days) Counseling Implications Some counselors find combined psychosexual and psychosocial perspective a helpful conceptual framework for understanding developmental issues as they appear in therapy. The key needs and developmental tasks, along with the challenges inherent at each stage of life, provide a model for understanding some of the core conflicts clients explore in their therapy sessions. The Therapeutic Process Therapeutic Goals Ultimate Goal: To increase adaptive functioning which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts. The two goals of Freudian Psychoanalytic Therapy are as follows, (1) to make the unconscious conscious and (2) to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt. Successful analysis is believed to result in significant modification of the individual’s personality and character structure. Therapeutic methods are used to bring out the unconscious material. Then childhood experiences are reconstructed, discussed, interpreted and analyzed. It is clear that the process is not limited to solving problems and learning new behaviors. There is also deeper probing into the past to develop the level of self understanding that is assumed to be necessary for a change in character. Therapist’s Function and Role In classical psychoanalysis, analysts typically assume an anonymous stance, which is sometimes called the â€Å"blank screen approach†. They engage in very little self disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship in which their clients will make projections onto them. Central functions of analysis is to help clients acquire the freedom to love, work and play. Other functions include assisting clients in achieving self awareness, honesty and more effective personal relationships; in dealing with anxiety in a realistic way; and in gaining control over impulsive and irrational behavior. Roles Establish a working relationship with the client and then do a great deal of listening and interpreting. Empathic attunement to the client facilitates the analysts apprehension and appreciation of the of the client’s intra psychic world. Particular attention is given to the client’s resistances. The analyst listens, learns and decides when to make appropriate interpretations. A major function of interpretation is to accelerate the process of uncovering unconscious material. The analyst listens for gaps and inconsistencies in the client’s story, infers the meaning of reported dreams and free associations, and remains sensitive to clues concerning the client’s feelings towards the analyst. Client’s Experience in the Therapy Clients interested in traditional (or classical) psychoanalysis must be willing to commit themselves to an intensive and long term therapy process. After some face-to-face sessions with the analyst, clients lie on a couch and engage in free association. *Free association allows the client to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship. This is known as the ‘fundamental rule’. Clients report their feelings, experiences, associations, memories and fantasies. Lying on the couch encourages deep, uncensored reflections and reduces the stimuli that might interfere with getting in touch with internal conflicts and productions. It reduces clients’ ability to read their analyst’s face for reactions and hence, fosters the projections characteristics of transference. At the same time, the analyst is freed from having to carefully monitor facial cues. Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures The therapy is geared more to limited objectives than to restructuring one’s personality The therapist is less likely to use the couch There are fewer sessions each week There is more frequent use of supportive interventions such as reassurance, expressions of empathy and support and suggestions There is more emphasis on the here-and-how relationship between therapist and client There is more latitude for therapist self-disclosure without ‘polluting the transference’ Less emphasis is give n to the therapist’s neutrality There is focus on mutual transference and counter transference enactments The focus is more on pressing practical concerns than on working with fantasy material Six (6) Basic Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy (1) Maintaining of the Analytic Framework This refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors such as the analyst’s relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meeting starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and basic boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist’s values. (2) Free Association It is the central technique in psychoanalytic therapy. In free association, clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, silly, trivial, illogical, irrelevant it may seem. (3) Interpretation The analyst points out, explains and teaches the client the meanings of behaviors that are manifested in dreams, free association, resistances and the therapeutic relationship itself. (4) Dream Analysis This is an important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems. During sleep, defenses are lowered and repressed feelings surface. Freud sees dreams as the â€Å"royal road to the unconscious†. 2 Levels of Dream Content Latent Content Manifest Content (5) Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance This is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the  client from producing previously unconscious material. Resistance helps the client to see that cancelling appointments, fleeing from therapy prematurely are ways of defending against anxiety. (6) Analysis and Interpretation of Transference The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other. This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible. Its analysis allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past. *Counter transference – is the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity. Limitations of Classical Analysis This approach may not be appropriate for all cultures or socioeconomic groups Deterministic focus does not emphasize current maladaptive behaviors Minimizes role of the environment Requires subjective interpretation Relies heavily on client fantasy Lengthy treatment may not be practical or affordable for many clients B. Client-centered Model Person-centered therapy (PCT) is also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. The ultimate goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true positive potential. The aim is directed towards achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. Two primary goals of person-centered therapy are increased self-esteem and greater openness to experience. Some of the related changes that this form of therapy seeks to foster in clients include closer agreement between the clients idealized and actual selves; better self-understanding; lower levels of defensiveness, guilt, and  insecurity; more positive and comfortable relationships with others; and an increased capacity to experience and express feelings at the moment they occur. Rogers wanted to assist the clients in their growth process so clients can better cope with problems as they identify them. In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental environment by demonstrating congruence (genuineness), empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their clients while using a non-directive approach. This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. It places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Basic Characteristics In the Person Centered approach the focus is on helping the client discover more appropriate behavior by developing self-awareness ways to fully encounter reality. Through this encounter the client gains insight of themselves the world. Core Conditions Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change: 1. Therapist-Client Psychological Contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each persons perception of the other is important. 2. Client in-congruence: that in-congruence exists between the clients experience and awareness. 3. Therapist Congruence or Genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved him or herself they are not acting and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship. 4. Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR): the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted by others. 5. Therapist Empathic understanding: the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapists unconditional love for them. 6. Client Perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapists UPR and empathic understanding. Processes Rogers asserted that the most important factor in successful therapy is the relational climate created by the therapist’s attitude to their client. He specified three interrelated core conditions: 1. Congruence The willingness to transparently relate to clients without hiding behind a professional or personal facade. genuineness or realness  The helper does not deny his or her own feelings: the opposite of hiding behind a professional mask. â€Å"I find that I am closest to my inner, intuitive self,when I am somehow in touch with the unknown in me, when perhaps I am in a slightly altered state of consciousness†¦Then simply my presence is releasing and helpful.† (Rogers) 2. Unconditional Positive Regard The therapist offers an acceptance and prizing for their client for who he or she is without conveying disapproving feelings, actions or characteristics and demonstrating a willingness to attentively listen without interruption, judgment or giving advice. Unconditional positive regard acceptance and caring, but not Approval of all behavior Related Terms: Acceptance of the other’s reality with kindness Non-possessive caring Prizing Non-judgmental attitude 3. Empathy The therapist communicates their desire to understand and appreciate their client’s perspective. Accurate empathic understanding – an ability to deeply grasp the client’s subjective world Helper attitudes are more important than knowledge Empathy is a consistent, unflagging appreciation of the experience of the other. It is active attention to the feelings of the client It involves warmth and genuineness The Therapist Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies these three critical attitudes will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgment. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their clients way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing. Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the patients questions were within the patient and not the therapist. Accordingly the therapists role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the patient could discover for him or herself the answers. Therapists are used as instruments of change but are not to direct the change in client Therapist helps develop an environment in which the client can grow Through attitudes of genuine caring, respect, and understanding the client is able to let their defenses down become more self aware Therapist reflects client’s view of the world (Phenomenological approach) The Therapist must be: Congruent  able to approach client with unconditional positive regard  demonstrate accurate understanding and empathy Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness is genuine integrated, and authentic, without a false front Can openly express feelings attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client Therapeutic Process Main focus is on the person not on the persons problems This allows the client to reconnect with him/her.  Client is assisted in therapy so that they can deal with current problems as well as problems that develop in the future Focuses on helping a person  become aware of their true self develop congruency Client’s Experience Through therapy client is able to let down his/her defenses become more true to him/her selves They gain perception into themselves, which allows them to better understand accept others Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures One of the major contributions of Rogers in the counseling field is the notion that the quality of the therapeutic relationship, as opposed administering techniques, is the primary agent of growth in the client. The therapist’s ability to establish a strong connection with the clients is the critical factor determining successful counseling outcomes. The person-centered philosophy is based on the assumption that clients have the resourcefulness for positive movement without the counselor assuming an active, directive or problem-solving role. What is essential for clients’ progress is the therapist’s presence, being completely attentive to, and immersed in the client as well as in the client’s expressed concerns. In a study conducted in the 1990s, it was revealed that the effectiveness of person-centered therapy with a wide range of client problems including anxiety disorders, alcoholism, psychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depr ession, cancer and personality disorders. Moreover, an effective therapy is based on the client-therapist relationship in combination with the inner and external resources of the client. Learning to listen with acceptance to oneself is a valuable life skill that enables individuals to be their own therapists. The basic concepts are straight forward and easy to comprehend, and they encourage locating power in the person rather than fostering an authoritarian structure in which control and power are denied to the person. The person-centered approach is especially applicable in crisis intervention such as an unwanted pregnancy, an illness, a disastrous event, or the loss of a loved one. When people are in crisis, one of the first steps is to give them an opportunity to fully express themselves. Communicating a deep sense of understanding should always precede other more problem-solving interventions. C. Rational Emotive Model Albert Ellis founded rational therapy in the mid-1950s and was one of the first therapists to emphasize the influential role of cognition in behavior. In 1960s, he changed the name to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), because of his contention that the model had always stressed the reciprocal interactions among cognition, emotion and behavior. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is a comprehensive, active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. REBT is based on the assumption that we are not disturbed solely by out early or later environments but we have strong inclinations to disturb ourselves consciously and unconsciously. We do this largely by taking our goals and values, which we mainly learn from our families and culture, and changing them into absolute â€Å"shoulds†, â€Å"oughts† and â€Å"musts†. REBT therapists employ active/directive techniques such as teaching, suggestion, persuasion, and homework assignments and they challenge clients to substitute a rational belief system for an irrational one. It emphasizes the therapist’s ability and willingness to challenge, confront, and convince the members to practice activities that will lead to constructive changes in thinking and behaving. The approach stresses action – doing something about the insights one gains in the therapy. ORIGINS OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE A central concept of REBT is the role that absolutist â€Å"shoulds,† â€Å"oughts,† and â€Å"musts† play when people become and remain emotionally disturbed. We forcefully, rigidly, and emotionally subscribe to many grandiose â€Å"musts† that result in our needlessly disturbing ourselves. According to Ellis (2001a, 2001b), feelings of anxiety, depression, hurt, shame, rage, and guilt are largely initiated and perpetuated by a belief system based on irrational ideas that were uncritically embraced, often during early childhood. In addition to taking on dysfunctional beliefs from others, Ellis stresses that we also invent â€Å"musts† on our own. Ellis (1994, 1997; Ellis Dryden, 2007; Ellis Harper, 1997) contends that most of our dysfunctional beliefs can be reduced to three main forms of â€Å"musturbation†: 1. â€Å"I absolutely must do well and be approved of by signiï ¬ cant others. I must win  their approval or else I am an inadequate, worthless person.† 2. â€Å"You must under all conditions and at all times treat me considerately, kindly, lovingly, and fairly. If you don’t, you are no damned good and are a rotten person.† 3. â€Å"Conditions under which I live absolutely must be comfortable so that I can get what I want without too much effort. If not, it is awful; I can’t stand it and life is no good.† Rational emotive behavior therapy is grounded on existential principles in many respects. Although parents and society play a signiï ¬ cant role in contributing to our emotional disturbance, we do not need to be victims of this indoctrination that takes place in our early years. We may not have had the resources during childhood to challenge parental and societal messages. As psychological adults now, however, we can become aware of how adhering to negative and destructive beliefs actually hampers our efforts to live fully , and we are also in a position to modify these beliefs. THE A-B-C THEORY The A-B-C theory of personality and emotional disturbance is central to REBT theory and practice. The A-B-C theory maintains that when we have an emotional reaction at point C (the emotional Consequence), after some Activating event that occurred at point A, it is not the event itself (A) that causes the emotional state (C), although it may contribute to it. It is the Belief system (B), or the beliefs that we have about the event, that mainly creates C. For example, if you feel depressed (C) over not getting a promotion at work (A), it is not the fact that you weren’t promoted that causes your depression; it is your belief (B) about the event. By believing that you absolutely should have been promoted and that not receiving it means that you are a failure, you â€Å"construct† the emotional consequence of feeling depressed. Thus, we are largely responsible for creating our own emotional disturbances through the beliefs we associate with the events of our lives Ellis (2011) maintains that we have the capacity to signiï ¬ cantly change our cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. We can best accomplish this goal by avoiding preoccupying ourselves with the activating events at A and by acknowledging the futility of dwelling endlessly on the emotional consequences at C. We can choose to examine, challenge, modify, and uproot B—the irrational beliefs we hold about the activating events at A. GOALS OF A REBT GROUP The basic goal of REBT is to help clients replace rigid demands with ï ¬â€šexible preferences. According to Ellis (2001b; 2011), two of the main goals of REBT are to assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other acceptance (UOA), and to see how these are interrelated. To the degree that group members are able to accept themselves, they are able to accept others. The process of REBT involves a collaborative effort on the part of both the group leader and the members in choosing realistic and self enhancing outcome goals. The therapist’s task is to help group participants to differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and self-defeating and self-enhancing goals (Dryden, 2007). Further goals are to teach members how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy ones and to cope with almost any unfortunate event that may arise in their lives (Ellis, 2001b). REBT aims at providing group members with tools for experiencing healthy emotions (such as sadness and concern) about negative activating events rather than unhealthy emotions (such as depression and anxiety) about these events so that they can live richer and more satisfying lives. To accomplish this basic objective, group members learn practical ways to identify their underlying irrational beliefs, to critically evaluate such beliefs, and to replace them with rational beliefs. Basically, group members are taught that they are largely responsible for their own emotional reactions; that they can minimize their emotional disturbances by paying attention to their self-verbalizations and by changing their irrational beliefs; and that if they acquire a new and more realistic philosophy, they can cope effectively with most of the unfortunate events in their lives. Although the therapeutic goals of REBT are essentially the same for both individual and group therapy, the two differ in some of the speciï ¬ c methods and techniques employed, as you will see in the discussion that follows. CONFRONTING IRRATIONAL BELIEFS REBT group leaders begin by teaching group members the A-B-C theory. When they have come to see how their irrational beliefs are contributing to their emotional and behavioral disturbances, they are ready to Dispute (D) these beliefs. D represents the application of scientiï ¬ c principles to challenge  self-defeating philosophies and to dispose of unrealistic and unveriï ¬ able hypotheses. Cognitive restructuring, a central technique of cognitive therapy, teaches people how to make themselves less disturbed (Ellis, 2003). One of the most effective methods of helping people reduce their emotional disturbances is to show them how to actively and forcefully dispute these irrational beliefs until they surrender them. This process of disputation involves three other Ds: (1) Detecting irrational beliefs and seeing that they are illogical and unrealistic, (2) Debating these irrational beliefs and showing oneself how they are unsupported by evidence, and (3) discriminating between irrational thinking and rational thinking (Ellis, 1994, 1996). After D comes E, or the Effect of disputing—the relinquishing of self destructive ideologies, the acquisition of effective new beliefs, and a greater acceptance of oneself, of others, and of the inevitable frustrations of everyday life. This new philosophy of life has, of course, a practical side—a concrete E, if you wish. In the previous example, E would translate into a rational statement such as this: â€Å"I’d like to have gotten the job, but there is no reason I have to get what I want. It is unfortunate that I did not get the job, but it is not terrible.† According to REBT theory, the ultimate desired result is that the person experiences a healthy negative emotion, in this case, disappointment and sadness, rather than depression.Group members learn to separate their rational (or functional) beliefs from their irrational (or dysfunctional) beliefs and to understand the origins of their emotional disturbances as well as those of other members. Participants are taught the many ways in which they can (1) free themselves of their irrational life philosophy so that they can function more effectively as an individual and as a relational being and (2) learn more appropriate ways of responding so that they won’t needlessly feel disturbed about the realities of living. The group members help and support one another in these learning endeavors. The Therapeutic Process GOALS OF A REBT GROUP The basic goal of REBT is to help clients replace rigid demands with ï ¬â€šexible preferences. According to Ellis (2001b; 2011), two of the main goals of REBT are to assist clients in the process of achieving unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and unconditional other acceptance (UOA), and to see  how these are interrelated. To the degree that group members are able to accept themselves, they are able to accept others. The process of REBT involves a collaborative effort on the part of both the group leader and the members in choosing realistic and self enhancing outcome goals. The therapist’s task is to help group participants to differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and self-defeating and self-enhancing goals (Dryden, 2007). Further goals are to teach members how to change their dysfunctional emotions and behaviors into healthy ones and to cope with almost any unfortunate event that may arise in their lives (Ellis, 2001b). REBT aims at providing group membe rs with tools for experiencing healthy emotions (such as sadness and concern) about negative activating events rather than unhealthy emotions (such as depression and anxiety) about these events so that they can live richer and more satisfying lives. To accomplish this basic objective, group members learn practical ways to identify their underlying irrational beliefs, to critically evaluate such beliefs, and to replace them with rational beliefs. Basically, group members are taught that they are largely responsible for their own emotional reactions; that they can minimize their emotional disturbances by paying attention to their self-verbalizations and by changing their irrational beliefs; and that if they acquire a new and more realistic philosophy, they can cope effectively with most of the unfortunate events in their lives. Although the therapeutic goals of REBT are essentially the same for both individual and group therapy, the two differ in some of the speciï ¬ c methods and techniques employed, as you will see in the discussion that follows. Role and Functions of the Counselor The therapeutic activities of an REBT group are carried out with a central purpose: to help participants internalize a rational philosophy of life, just as they internalized a set of dogmatic and extreme beliefs derived from their sociocultural environment and from their own invention. In working toward this ultimate aim, the group leader has several speciï ¬ c functions and tasks. The ï ¬ rst task is to show group members how they have largely created their own emotional and behavioral disturbances. The leader helps group members to identify and challenge the irrational beliefs they originally unquestioningly accepted, demonstrates how they are continuing to  indoctrinate themselves with these beliefs, and teaches them how to modify their thinking by developing rational alternative beliefs. It is the group leader’s task to teach members how to stop the vicious circle of the self-blaming and other-blaming process. REBT assumes that people’s irrational beliefs are so deeply ingrained that they will not change easily. Thus, to bring about a signiï ¬ cant cognitive change, leaders employ a variety of active cognitive and emotive techniques (Ellis, 1996, 2001b; Ellis Dryden, 2007). REBT group practitioners favor interventions such as questioning, confronting, negotiating homework assignments, and helping members experiment with new ways of thinking, feeling, and doing. REBT group leaders are active in teaching the theoretical model, proposing methods of coping, and teaching members strategies for testing hypotheses and solutions. REBT group leaders assume the role of a psychological educator, and they tend to avoid relating too closely to their members and thus avoid having them increase their dependency tendencies. They provide unconditional acceptance rather than warmth and approval (Dryden, 2009b). However, REBT group practitioners demonstrate respect for the members of their groups and also tend to be collaborative, encouraging, supportive, and mentoring. REBT practitioners employ a directive role in encouraging members to commit themselves to practicing in everyday situations what they are learning in the group sessions. They view what goes on during the group as important, but they realize that the hard work between sessions and after therapy is terminated is even more crucial. The group context provides members with tools they can use to become self-reliant and to accept themselves unconditionally as they encounter new problems in daily living. Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures Ellis originally developed REBT to try to make psychotherapy shorter and more efï ¬ cient than most other systems of therapy; hence, it is intrinsically a brief therapy. As applied to groups, REBT mainly employs interventions that teach group members how to tackle practical problems of living in a brief and efï ¬ cient way (Ellis, 2001b). From the origin of the approach, REBT has utilized a wide range of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods with most clients. Like other cognitive behavioral therapies, REBT blends techniques to change clients’ patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. It  is an integrative therapy, selectively adapting various methods that are also used in existential, humanistic, phenomenologically oriented therapeutic approaches, but the emphasis is on the cognitive and behavioral dimensions (Ellis, 2001b). REBT focuses on speciï ¬  c techniques for changing a client’s self-defeating thoughts in concrete situations. In addition to modifying beliefs, this approach helps group members see how their beliefs inï ¬â€šuence what they feel and what they do; thus, there is also a concern for changing feelings and behaviors that ï ¬â€šow from rigid and extreme beliefs. This model aims to minimize symptoms by bringing about a profound change in philosophy. REBT practitioners are ï ¬â€šexible and creative in their use of methods and tailor their techniques to the unique needs of group members (Dryden, 2007) References A. Internet-Based http://www.allaboutcounseling.com/counseling_approaches.htm http://www.ehow.com/list_7162754_psychological-counseling-techniques.html#ixzz2cmnFA0bd http://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/psychoanalytic-theory-theories-of-counseling-and psychotherapy-psychology-essay.php#ixzz2cmqlANAb http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Person-centered-therapy.html#b#ixzz2dzABrENS B. Books Corey, G. (2012). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice Second Edition. Cengage Learning, Philippines.

Essay --

It may seem that the male characters in classical cinema are given power and control over female characters, but the relationships between characters in Billy Wilder’s 1944 noir Double Indemnity and Michael Curtiz’s 1945 drama Mildred Pierce are complex and do not conform to specific gender roles. Rather, both of these films feature female characters that are both controllers and the controlled. The characters Mildred Pierce and Phyllis Dietrichson hold both of these roles in their respective films but are inverses of each other: Mildred acts strongly and independently but is actually controlled emotionally and financially by others, while Phyllis is presented as submissive but is the grand manipulator. As such, these two films present different images of the â€Å"independent woman,† both of which are destined for failure. On the surface, it seems like Mildred Pierce undergoes a positive transformation and develops into an independent woman. At the beginning of Mildred’s first narrated flashback, she describes her life as little more than â€Å"cooking and washing and having children.† She works as a housewife. Her attire and environment reflect this: her first interaction in the flashback is with her husband in the kitchen with an apron on. Bert’s departure pressures Mildred to enter to workforce to support her family and their wants. Her wardrobe changes to represent this change, also, since she is usually seen in working clothes. She builds the motivation to start her own restaurant and eventually starts her own successful restaurant chain, and once again, her physical appearance changes in that she is dressed in fancy clothes. Once she understands that her marriage with Bert would hurt her financially, she actively seeks a divorce fr... ...nity and Mildred Pierce have two models of the â€Å"independent woman,† but both of them fail in the end. Mildred’s love interest dies and her daughter is sent to prison. Phyllis is murdered by Walter. It would seem that the messages of these films are represented by the failures of these women. Mildred could not escape her maternal instinct as it ruined her life. Phyllis treated people like tools and met a fatal end. â€Å"Independence from men,† then, is not the final goal for these women on the road to happiness. These films represent this trait as shallow, since not only do these failures arise, but Mildred and Phyllis never truly escape the â€Å"male gaze.† The notions of independence presented in these two films lead to disaster because they are incomplete; â€Å"independence from men† is a necessary step, but there is still more that the women in the films need to accomplish.

Types of Literary Criticism

Types of Literary Criticism Since ancient times, readers have debated and critiqued literature from a variety of perspectives. Some have looked at a story or play from a moral stance, considering how values are represented in a text. Another critic might evaluate a poem in terms of its form. Recent critics have looked at literature to see what it might be saying about our lives in society, our political or power relations, gender roles, or sexuality. Below I have summarized some types of literary criticism you might consider when reading or writing about literature.If you're interested in knowing more, see the Purdue Online Writing Lab or OWL or read Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide, by Louis Tyson. The Gavilan library website offers resources for students conducting research on literature. (You will need a Gavilan library card to access this information and can apply for a card in person or online. ) The library also has a helpful website on Academic Research Guidelines that will help you identify legitmate sources for your research and avoid plagiarism.See me, a librarian, and/or a writing assistant at the Gavilan Writing Center for help with writing about literature. * Moral Criticism, Dramatic Construction (~360 BC-present) * Formalism, New Criticism, Neo-Aristotelian Criticism (1930s-present) * Psychoanalytic Criticism, Jungian Criticism(1930s-present) * Marxist Criticism (1930s-present) * Reader-Response Criticism (1960s-present) * Structuralism/Semiotics (1920s-present) * Post-Structuralism/Deconstruction (1966-present) * New Historicism/Cultural Studies (1980s-present) * Post-Colonial Criticism (1990s-present) Feminist Criticism (1960s-present) * Gender/Queer Studies (1970s-present) Sociological criticism: Like historical criticism, sociological criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is written or received. This type of criticism may analyze the social content of a literary work—the cultural, economic, or political values a particular text implicitly or explicitly expresses. Reader-response criticism: This type of criticism attempts to describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a text.A reader-response critic might also explore the impact of a particular text on his or her own ideas or values. For example, one might reflect on how a particular character seems admirable or unlikable and why. One might reflect on how one’s religious, culture, or social values affect readings. It also overlaps with gender criticism in exploring how men and women may read the same text with different assumptions. Gender criticism: This type of criticism examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works.Gender studies originated during the feminist movement, when critics began investigating the unexamined assumptions around gender in a piece of literature. Feminist critics explored how an author’s gender migh t—consciously or unconsciously—affect his or her writing. These critics may also explore how images of men or women in literature might reflect or reject the social norms around gender in a particular society. Mythological criticism: Mythological critics explore the universal patterns underlying a literary work.This type of criticism draws on the insights of anthropology, history, psychology, and comparative religion to explore how a text uses myths and symbols drawn from different cultures and epochs. A central concept in mythological criticism is the archetype, a symbol, character, situation, or image that evokes a deep universal response. For example, critic Joseph Campbell, in his books like The Hero with a Thousand Faces, demonstrates how similar mythic characters and situations, like the hero’s journey, appear in virtually every culture.Biographical criticism: Biographical critics explore how understanding an author’s life can help readers more thor oughly comprehend the literary work. Note: biographical critics are not concerned with simply describing the author’s life but instead with interpreting the literary work using the insights provided by knowledge of the author’s life. New Historicism: New historicist critics look at the impact of the politics, ideologies, and social customs of the author’s world on the themes, images, and characterizations of a text.This type of critic considers the historical events or conditions during which the work was written. Psychoanalytic criticism: This type of criticism views the themes, conflicts, and characterizations of a work primarily as a reflection of the needs, emotions, states of mind, or subconscious desires of the author. Formalist criticism: Formalist critics look closely at the work itself, analyzing the various elements of the work as a way of explicating or interpreting a text.

Franz Kafka and being an outsider in the society Essay

As the oldest child, after the deaths of his older brothers, Franz Kafka, however, has never reached the dominance and leadership character and failed to live a normal, human life – after his birth he had doubted in his human nature and grew as an outsider inside the community. His father, a successful shopkeeper with giant managing abilities and patriarchal, yet tyrannical, personality, had no other goals, except material stability and social recognition. It was him, who made Franz fail to live, who made him family-limited, unable to create his own household. Indeed, his father, Hermann Kafka, was the one, who broke his nature and drove him into literature. All of the pain, pressure, struggle and aspiration, Franz Kafka described in his writing, some of them depict the struggle between father and son, other between two worlds, yet, in any story, especially in the â€Å"Letter to His Father† (1919) and â€Å"The Metamorphosis† (1915), we can find incomprehension and longing for normal living. His earliest poems were published by Brod in 1908 in Hyperion. His first novel Der Prozess (â€Å"The Trial†) was written after another failure – he broke off an engagement with Felice Bauer – and has started it with the words of somebody’s false accusation against Josef K. Maurice Blanchot has observed that Kafka’s works are â€Å"not always only literary. Salvation is an enormous preoccupation with him, all the stronger because it is hopeless, and all the more hopeless because it is totally uncompromising. †(Banville, 2004). Most of his literary characters were animals: mole, mouse, beetle; seems like Franz was no other than a formless being, who was looking for a way out of tough obstacles, yet is ready to be tortured, punished, destroyed. His characters are seeking for salvation, but they realize how disgusting, insignificant, unimportant they are, along with their problems and hardships. â€Å"The Judgement† is viewed by Herbert Tauber as a â€Å"vital existence in which probability and reservation rule †¦ in which every step has an incalculable importance because it is taken â€Å"Franz Kafka and being an outsider in the society† â€Å"Page #2† under the horizon of an absolute summons to the road† (Tauber, 1948). For him, it is the clash of two worlds, which existed in total isolation from each other and have no points of contacts. That is why the conflict leads to destruction. On the other hand, this conflict between father and son can be considered as a general social state that degrades with every step forward. An early story â€Å"Description of a Struggle† â€Å"is not usually considered one of Kafka’s better works and it is often dismissed by critics turned off by its fragmentary nature and lack of polish† (Pawel, 1984), highlights Ernst Pawel in his â€Å"Nightmare of Reason†; this work will not attract the new reader, yet those, who dive in the philosophy of Kafka’s readings will be encouraged to read it. The character of this three-chapter work is a symbol of discrepancy and contrast of the single community. Franz Kafka’s helplessness to negotiate or get used to the community’s lifestyle is noted in his four stories in â€Å"A Hunger Artist†. Michael Lowy, the Research Director of the National Center for Scientific Research, has viewed Kafka’s symbolism as libertarian socialism or anarchical ideology. â€Å"The libertarian inspiration is inscribed into the heart of Kafka’s novels †¦ [The] state is an impersonal system of domination which crushes, suffocates, or kills individuals, where unfreedom prevails† (Lowy, 1997). The center of the story is a paradoxical notion – artist, who accepts his profession as honor, yet practices fasting, which has an artistic aspect. The system (i. e. people) refuse to recognize him, therefore, refuse to see the reality and truthfulness of life (Dorothy W. , 2006). There is nothing but emptiness in the world. â€Å"The Stoker†, â€Å"The Man Who Disappeared† (â€Å"Der Verschollene†), or â€Å"Amerika† was an American novel for Kafka himself. The variety of names shows the complexity and differences of the novel. It is the state, where â€Å"workers are not on the side of the authorities† (Kafka, 1956). In rather humorous style, Kafka represents the Statue of Liberty with a sword; American democracy, with a shadow of authoritarian policies, is combined with bureaucratic injustice and poverty. â€Å"Franz Kafka and being an outsider in the society† â€Å"Page #3† The fiction â€Å"The Great Wall of China† â€Å"deals (duplicitously) with an other-as-self from an inside which is really an outside† (Kelen). This is another Kafka’s work that deals with symbols and metaphors, internal and external struggle and his own life of an outsider. The wall is a symbol of fear, yet, the end of empire represents the erasure of boundaries between the Western and Chinese worlds. Kafka is using his technique of the narrator to describe relation to one another and what is happening nearby. â€Å"In â€Å"Country Doctor† we witness a second type of infiltration of literary production by theories or methods schooled on Freudian psychoanalysis† (Lecture Notes, conclusion). The work is filled with doubled words (horses, carriages, patent examinations, children songs, homes), and words that have different meanings (dilemma – problem or solution, shame, information’s and people’s mislaying). â€Å"The Castle†, a philosophical novel, depicts the castle’s authorities, bureaucratic attitude and man’s struggle against the existing system. â€Å"The novel’s aesthetic and interpretive complexity, it will be seen, underlines the multi-layered meaning of salvation itself, in a modern world in which salvation is not necessarily one of divine grace, of deliverance from sin and damnation† (Panichas, 2004). The totalitarian authorities, impersonal system that is built in hierarchical order are shown as apparatus that rules over the lay people, who must be subordinated to this machine. It is manipulation and control that is obvious in any modern society and the procedures it governs and inevitable for every citizen. â€Å"K. gains through her personality some insight into a possible solution of his quest, and, when he speaks of her with affection, he seems himself to be breaking through his sense of isolation† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Kafka, as a living example of outsider, who had made his way to live in the community, all through his works has depicted the world of contrasts, where everyone lives in isolation, trying, at the same time, to find his place in the community. Works Cited: 1. Banville J. (October, 2004). The Human Stain. The Nation. October 18 issue. 2. Dorothy W. Franz Kafka’s â€Å"A Hunger Artist† December 15, 2006 Retrieved from the website â€Å"Of Books and Bicycles† on February 25, 2008 http://ofbooksandbikes. blogspot. com/2006/12/franz-kafkas-hunger-artist. html 3. Encyclopedia Britannica. Franz Kafka. Works. Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-3813/Franz-Kafka 4. Humanitas, G. (March, 2004). Kafka’s afflicted vision: a literary-theological critique. (Franz Kafka). Humanitas. 5. F. Kafka. (1956). Amerika. Frankfurt: Fischer Publishing House. pp. 15, 161. 6. Kelen, C. The Great Wall of China and Kafka’s Limitless Tropology. Queen: a journal of rhetoric and power. Vol. 2. 1. Power and Recolonization. 7. Lecture Notes: Franz Kafka, â€Å"A Country Doctor†. Washington Courses. Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from http://courses. washington. edu/freudlit/Doctor. Notes. html 8. Lowy, M. (1997). Franz Kafka and Libertarian Socialism. New Politics. Vol. 6. no. 3. 9. Pawel, Ernst (1984). The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka. New York: Farrar-Straus-Giroux, p. 160-163. 10. Tauber, Herbert. (1948). Franz Kafka: An interpretation of his works. Yale University Press.

The Liberal Party of Canada essays

The Liberal Party of Canada essays What does the Liberal Party have to offer to Canadians? In the fall of 2002 Jean Chrtien, Prime Mister and leader of the Liberal Party announced that he was planning to step down. The catch was he was going to step down after he had tidied up Canada. In the Speech of the Throne he set numerous goals, to accomplish before his resignation. His three main goals were to modernize health care, boost funding to the military and ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Chrtien and the Liberals offer an active and positive change and an increase in spending on important issues. Chrtiens first initiative is to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol calls for a dramatic reduction of smog emissions. All Chrtien is asking for is for Canadians to insulate their homes, change their driving habits and turn off the lights when they leave the room. His suggestion for improvements on cars was to use gasohol which burns more slowly, coolly, and completely. This results in reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and other emissions. Vehicles with a hybrid engine are another alternative; they run half on gas and half on electricity and are self charging. Solar powered houses can even make money for you if you can generate more power than you use. Home owners can switch to halogen or fluorescent light bulbs, turn off their VCRs, use front load washing machines and insulate their windows. As encouragement some provincial governments have issued rewards for home owners who can cut their emissions. Also the federal government is offering compensation to busine sses that are hurt the most. These small things will help Canada reduce its emissions. Chrtien has so far been known to cut funding in the military. He has cut a lot of funding and transferred it to other departments. Meanwhile the number of missions has almost tripled. Between 1990 and 2002 Canadas military has had 79 missions, yet in the 41 y...

Human Resources - Labor Laws and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources - Labor Laws and Unions - Essay Example It is vital to note that the company has its operations in more than 150 countries with 30 of the same as production bases. GM Company produces such vehicles as Cadillac, Chevrolet, Vauxhall, Opel, Holden and GMC (Cooke, 2003). It is vital to note that GM Company benefitted from chapter 11 Reorganization of 2009. This was a response by shareholders, in Asia and Europe, since they could not access their assets. The reorganization was possible through IPO shares. The government reduced its stake to 26 percent of the same. GM Company falls under the UAW union. This is a union that possesses the mandate of protecting workers from Puerto Rico and the USA. These workers are occupied in notable industries such as automobiles, health and educational sectors. Protecting civil rights and anti-communist movements has a long history. There are notable legal issues that this company may face in different scenarios. In this case, the company might face problems during bankruptcy. This may concern a court action by retired employees to demand payments. The belief in progress of such companies places the same in vulnerable financial situation of not paying their retired employees. In close relation to the same, the company faces legal issues in the case of laying off employees. In such cases, employees might demand reinstatement or better package for retrenchment. It is vital to note that the GM Company faces the legal obligation of awarding a pension plan to each of its employees. This depends on profits as the company progresses. In addition, GM Company faces legal challenges of paying health care obligation to each worker per every vehicle it produces. This does not allow for expansion of profits since the pay rises with sales. In case of breach, this law would break the federal law of PPACA that requires health care obligation to each individual. Avoidance of litigation pertains to having a well

The Role Of Financial Management In Successful Business Acquisitions Essay

The Role Of Financial Management In Successful Business Acquisitions - Essay Example Therefore in the light of all these considerations in order to ensure that my presentation is a success my aim will be to educate the audience into becoming more informed users of financial statements pertaining to mergers and acquisitions.I will emphasize upon the intricacies of financial accounting in this regard particularly with regard to goodwill, acquisition provisions and tax. Another consideration will be the use of acquisitions concluded by contract, rather than by exchange of equity interests. This is will also involve an explanation of how the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) have coped with the variances in different systems in order achieve successful financial reporting objectives.The presentation will highlight the fact that corporate financial statements serve as information givers about the portfolio of the firm pertaining to its performance and prospects.My presentation will demonstrate the link between the economic atmosphere and how its reflects ont o a financial statement.Also included in the presentation will be how the organizational manager of a firm can communicate to the financial users the views of the financial issues thus taking on the role of a financial intermediary. Of prime importance will be an understanding and communication of financial statements and what should or should not be disclosed in line with the regulation and strategy.  This would help the acquirer recognize many intangible assets  separately from goodwill.... ng to its performance and prospects.My presentation will demonstrate the link between the economic atmosphere and how its reflects onto a financial statement.Also included in the presentation will be how the organisational manager of a firm can communicate to the financial users the views of the financial issuers thus taking on the role of a financial intermediary. Of prime importance will be an understanding and communication of financial statements and what should or should not disclosed in line with the regulation and strategy. The Balance Sheet The pith and substance of reviewing a financial statement prior to concluding a merger/acquisition contract pertains to the underlying economics of the economic events highlighted.The relevant information would include the figures which reflect the current value of the assets which are to be acquired and the liabilities assumed.This would allow a potential buyer to recognise the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values and this should be reviewed regardless of the fact how these assets were acquired (that is by merger or contribution or even purchase).This would help the acquirer recognise many intangible assets separately from goodwill. The diagram above1 shows how the financial information and its disclosures will finally lead to the closing of a merger deal. Before concluding a merger or acquisition the experience accountant will scrutinise the pension and tax liabilities which will arise subsequently and how will they be computed post acquisition.Also relevant is the extent to which the buyer will be held responsible for the company's individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed . It has to observed from the balance sheet and agreed from the start how the liability for the