Hamsters and Guinea Pigs Comparison

Katrina 10/23/12 English 1 distinctions Mr. Martin. Hamster and guinea pigs ESSAY: Hamsters and guinea pigs are two totally various creatures. The most evident contrast is that hamsters are exceptionally little; they can fit in the palm of your hand. Guinea pigs are a lot bigger, by and large weighs around 3 pounds or so when completely developed. Hamsters are local to Europe and Asia while the guinea pig is local to South America. That is one distinction which shows they are not related. Despite the fact that the two eat roughly similar nourishments, the guinea pig is a lot bigger and is generally utilized as a food creature in the Andes Mountains.The hamster is carefully a pet or research center creature. In spite of the fact that they are the two rodents and are famous as pets, hamster and guinea pigs have numerous distinctions, for example, there body and their conduct. ‘Guinea pig' is the regular name for individuals from the species Cavia porcellus. They are local to Sout h America in the wild, weigh approximately 700-1200 grams, and generally live for around five years. Guinea pigs are tailless, herbivorous, and live in social states in nature. They are dynamic during the day. The guinea pig is probably going to get into space when space natural surroundings are at long last developed.They breed effectively, have a few litters for every year, and develop rapidly. A guinea pig gets around multiple times the size of a hamster, and eats progressively like a hare. They are both acceptable pets however. They do look a ton the same, yet are totally inconsequential. Guinea pigs are an entire various animal types. Perhaps not even rodents, researchers are discussing that. Guinea pigs are the bigger of the two, they don't have a tail yet they have a knock where there tail ought to have been. Guinea pigs are normally the hardest to prepare however once prepared they will be connected to you. Guinea pigs like to be kept in pair's or groups.A ideal case of a so cial creature that appreciates each other’s organization and like living outside. A guinea pig is greater, and has a life expectancy of around 5 to 10 years. Hamsters can really be one of a few animal categories from the class Phodopus (predominate hamsters), Cricetulus (incorporates diminutive person and typical measured species) or Mesocricetus. The most widely recognized pet hamster is Mesocricetus auratus, the Syrian hamster. Size of pet hamsters is for the most part around 5-15cm. The hamsters have minimal short bald tails and want to carry on with a singular way of life, just meeting up to mate.They are omnivores, for the most part eating just seeds and organic products, yet may likewise eat things like creepy crawlies in nature. Hamsters can live for around 1. 5 to 2 years and are nighttime, being most dynamic when it is dull. Hamsters are commonly nighttime which implies that they will rest in the night, yet you can prepare them not very. Hamsters aren't as perfect as test subjects yet they can be educated to utilize a litter box. Hamsters must be kept alone as a result of the way that they are regional. Hamsters are normally singular except for midgets who can live joyfully in gatherings, they have a life expectancy from 1. a long time to 3 years, however some can live more. There are likewise various types of hamster, going from small Robo, Chinese and Russian diminutive person hamster to greater Syrian ones. These have little tails. Rodents are around 3/4 or significantly bigger than hamsters with long tails. Hamsters nibble on the off chance that they smell food on you. By claiming the two creatures : hamsters and guinea pigs it is sheltered to state ,guinea pigs are more earnestly to keep spotless (as long as you don't place 2 guys in a pen with a female close by), they are â€Å"sweeter† and appear to be more stable.Guinea pigs are all the more handily played with , and when they run on the floor you can discover them route simpler than hamsters! Other than them both being vegans and textured they couldn't be considerably more unique. I trust in the purpose of any creature that you discover the distinction before endeavoring to keep one. Pets furnish us with far beyond friendship. Despite the fact that there are duties with pet proprietorship, the advantages significantly exceed the work. Pets give us benefits not in every case promptly accessible from our human sidekicks and that is unqualified love and acceptance.Our pets are consistently there for us and they are incredible audience members! A pet never makes a decision about us and they keep on adoring us notwithstanding our defects and slip-ups. That basic reality can be a pressure reducer. One thing I have come into speculation with is regardless of how little or large the creature is or how incredible their disparities are. We ought to accept accountability for them. We ought to give a valiant effort to sustain, care and love them. That is our obligatio n as people.

Infection Prevention and Control free essay sample

Comprehend the jobs and duties in counteraction and control of disease AMy job is to keep up an elevated expectation of wellbeing and cleanliness, which implies normally washing my uniform, routinely washing and keeping my hair perfect and tied back, keeping my nails short and not wearing bogus nails or clean. Not wearing rings. Routinely washing my hands the right way. I should report sickness and any skin conditions to my administrator and not come into work with loose bowels as well as regurgitating until 48 hours clears. I should know about contamination avoidance and control arrangements and strategy and follow consistently, utilizing the suitable PPE. I should report anything I think acts like a disease hazard to my administrator. I should likewise go to instructional meetings and stay up with the latest. BThe managers job is to do chance evaluations to recognize dangers and approaches to expel, diminish or control them. Produce disease control arrangements and method with steps to be taken that consent to enactments and make the completely accessible to all staff. Give preparing to all workers and offer the preparation consistently to stay up with the latest. Appropriate significant data when rules/polices and so forth have change or if there has been an episode of an irresistible disease. To give the right PPE to all workers. Tracking anything identifying with disease counteraction, for example, cleaning plans/refrigerator temperatures. Advising HSE of any episodes of disease. 2Understand enactment and strategies identifying with counteraction and control of contamination ALaws that apply-The wellbeing and security at work act 1974 The board of wellbeing and security at work act Public wellbeing (control of ailments act) Food wellbeing Act Environmental insurance act PPE at work guidelines Hazardous waste guidelines 2005 Control of substances risky to wellbeing 2002 RIDDOR (announcing of wounds, illnesses and perilous events) Code of training BNational Minimum Standards expresses that the premises are to be kept perfect, sterile and liberated from hostile smells all through and there must be a framework set up to control the spread of contamination, as per important enactment and distributed proficient direction. Clothing offices should be arranged away from regions where food is put away and taken care of. Hand washing offices are sited in territories where tainted materials or potentially clinical waste are being taken care of. Strategies and methodology for control of disease must incorporate managing spillages, arrangement of defensive apparel and hand washing. The consideration home must have a sluicing offices and sluicing disinfectant. Clothing must be washed at least 65â °c for no under 10 minutes. CPolices that apply are-Infection counteraction and control approach Waste administration strategy Wellbeing and security at work approach Safe sharp practice Personal defensive hardware Aseptic method and clean strategy Hand cleanliness arrangement 3Understand framework and systems identifying with the anticipation and control of diseases AInfection counteraction and control methodology for the administration of flu Personal defensive gear strategy Decontamination system Hand cleanliness system Management for MRSA Screening for MRSA Prevention of word related introduction to blood Aseptic method Isolation technique Management of a flare-up of loose bowels and heaving BThe sway a flare-up could have is increment in cost ofr the association in view of getting in extra PPE. Staffing levels may diminish because of high staff ailment levels. Loos of certainty from the general population and the administration clients. In the event that enactment are not being met there could be lawful activity taken against the organization. As a worker they may have a misfortune in trust in the association since they feel insufficient was done to forestall the flare-up, They additionally may get terrified of working in the event that they themselves become tainted and my potentially pass it onto their families. The administration clients could have server implications in the event that they themselves become contaminated they may become hospitalized and may even reason demise. 4Understand the significance of hazard appraisal according to the anticipation and control of disease ADefinition of the term chance methods the chance of a peril to cause hurt for instance not following hand washing methodology improves the probability of spreading contamination. BAssisting with individual consideration and managing organic liquids and waste. Removal of waste, for example, incontinence helps and needles. Thinking about people who have irresistible ailments. Managing clothing that could have human waste on them. Restrooms, showers, toilets where there could be human waste and natural liquids, where it is warm and soggy to make the correct conditions for microbes to duplicate. Kitchen and lounge area surfaces where various sorts of food and being readied and eaten. Csteps to be taken when doing a hazard appraisal Identify the peril distinguish the source where the small scale life forms and contaminations can emerge out of e. g blood, spit, pee, upchuck, excrement, hacks and wheezes. How transmission can happen e. g debased hands, taking in contaminations, broken skin, sprinkles of natural liquids. Figure out who is in danger and how-who is probably going to come into contact with natural liquids and waste. People who have low insusceptible frameworks either due to earlier ailment or age. Assess the hazard How frequently is the assignment completed, what number of individuals are uncovered, how much irresistible material is taken care of. Recoding the discoveries of the hazard appraisal so it very well may be alluded back to and representatives can perceive what steps they ought to be taking to diminish the hazard. Executing the activities recognized to diminish hazards for instance included methodology, PPE. Checking on the effect of the activities normally or when the circumstance changes to guarantee they still adequately diminish the hazard or if all the more should be finished. DRisk appraisals are fundamental on the grounds that the danger of disease should be decreased however much as could be expected to secure everyone in the consideration setting and who enters the consideration setting. Hazard appraisals recognize what should be done to decrease the danger of disease and furthermore forestalls reoccurrence of the contamination. They additionally help Improve safe practice and help give an elevated expectation of care. Comprehend the significance of utilizing PPE in the anticipation and control of disease AGloves-these are to be worn when managing perilous waste and when managing people, for example, their own consideration or helping to take care of, gloves are a solitary use and sho uld be changed and discarded toward the finish of each errand and before beginning another undertaking or managing another person. Covers Are for single utilize just and must be changed and discarded toward the finish of each undertaking. Covers keep your garments from getting dirty and lessens the danger of cross pollution. Veils these are useful for when thinking about a person who has an infectious disease or a person who endures a dysfunctional behavior who spits and lessens the danger of contamination being taken in or gulped. Goggles-to ensure eyes, which help secure while tidying up spillages of unsafe waste or when thinking about people are spewing so contaminations can’t go into your circulatory system through the eyes. Hair covers-when thinking about people with open injuries so it prevents you hair from falling into the injury. Or then again when you are dealing with food so as it doesn’t fall in. Outfits can be utilized for when thinking about people who are profoundly infectious, they shield your fabrics from getting dirty and diminish the danger of cross defilement. Over shoes-can be utilized when tidying up perilous squanders, so as not to spread it around the consideration home. BPPE ought to be utilized as it secures the specialist co-ops and administration clients from the spread of disease. Decreases the danger of cross tainting. CThe laws that apply to wearing PPE are-Personal defensive gear guidelines 1992 Health and security at work act 1974 Control of substances unsafe to wellbeing DMy duty with respect to the utilization of PPE are consistently to utilize the PPE gave, utilize the right PPE for the assignment I’m going to do, to follow the right methodology for the utilization and removal of PPE. To go to the instructional courses on the utilization of PPE. EThe managers obligation with respect to the utilization of PPE are to give PPE which is suitable to the undertakings that are done for the specific employment jobs and to give preparing of the staff of right use of PPE and systems of removal of PPE. F How to apply and evacuate the PPE I use. Gloves-After washing hands gloves ought to be put on by holding the wrist end of the glove open with one hand to permit the other hand to enter at that point stretch out the glove to cover the wrist and rehash for other hand. To expel the gloves handle the outside of the glove with one gloved hand (as the outside is defiled and you don’t need to contact the outside with your uncovered skin)and strip off the glove, keep hold of the evacuated glove in your gloved hand and slide your un-gloved hand fingers inside the highest point of your glove and strip off pulling over the effectively expelled glove dispose of in clinical waste and wash hands. Covers to put on, snap cover off the roll and open out, pull the cover over your head and tie despite your good faith. To evacuate place your hands within the cover and push outwards to snap the ties around your midriff, pull the cover away from neck and shoulders lifting over your head, contacting within as it were. Overlap or fold into a group and dispose of in clinical waste containers and wash hands. GThe right approach to discard PPE is to evacuate toward the finish of each assignment. When evacuated it ought to be discarded in a clinical waste canister which is fixed with a yellow pack and ought to be worked with a foot pedal. comprehend the significance of good close to home cleanliness in anticipation and control of disease AThe key standards of good cleanliness are keeping nails short as microscopic organisms can live under nails. Keeping hair

Using Abilify for Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Using Abilify for Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Using Abilify for Treatment of Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on May 04, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Eric Audras / ONOKY / Getty Images Abilify, known by the generic name aripiprazole, is an  atypical antipsychotic medication that is approved to treat a number of disorders, including bipolar disorder. Its specifically used to treat manic episodes in bipolar disorder, either alone or in combination with other anti-manic medications. Lets gain some insight into Abilify, like what health conditions its used to treat, side effects, and two black box warnings. This way you feel informed if prescribed this medication. What Is Abilify Used to Treat? Abilify is FDA approved to treat the following health conditions: Schizophrenia in people age 13 or olderBipolar I disorder in people age 10 years or olderMajor depressive disorder in adultsâ€"used in combination with another antidepressant when a person does not respond to that single antidepressantAgitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar maniaAgitation associated with autism disorder in children ages 6 to 17Tourette Disorder in children and adolescents, age 6 and older Common Side Effects In adults, common side effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache, dizziness, akathisia, anxiety, fatigue, blurred vision, and insomnia. Side effects in children are similar, with the addition of nose congestion, drooling, and an increased appetite. Potential Serious Side Effects Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome â€" a potentially fatal complication of taking antipsychotic medications characterized by a number of symptoms like high fever, rigid muscles, and rapid swings in blood pressureIncrease in blood sugarChange in cholesterol levelsWeight GainTardive Dyskinesia  â€" a disorder that causes uncontrolled facial movementsOrthostatic hypotension â€" feeling lightheaded when moving from a ?lying or sitting position to a standing position too quickly, due to a drop in blood pressureA decrease in infection-fighting cells in the bodySeizuresCognitive impairment  Difficulty Swallowing Helpful Tips When Taking Abilify Never stop taking Abilify or change its dosage without first consulting with your healthcare providerBe sure to notify your doctor of all your medications, as your dose of Abilify may need to be changed based on this information.  Do not drink alcohol while you are taking Abilify.Avoid overheating and dehydration while on AbilifyAbilify is a Pregnancy Category C drug, which means that animal studies suggest Abilify may cause birth defects. Speak to your doctor right away if you are planning on getting pregnant or are pregnant.Abilify may also pass into breast milk, so be sure to discuss your therapy plan if breastfeeding or planning on breastfeeding. Two Black Box Warnings on Abilify Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients With Dementia-Related Psychosis  â€" Abilify is not approved by the FDA to treat people with dementia-related psychosis. Treating elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis with an antipsychotic medication puts them at risk of death.Suicidality and Antidepressant Drugs  â€" Antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults in the short-term.

Only People Who Earn a Lot of Money Are Successful.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Definitely, I do not totally agree with the statement of title. However, the wealthy people are indeed a successful group. So let me discuss what the success includes, and then to get a conclusion. First is money. There are too many examples to tell, such as Bill Gates, Dell, the mayor of New York and more and more. Nobody doubts their successes. Besides them, there are many wealthy people in the world. Are they successful? My answer is yes if they reach their goal with their endeavor. Money is a sign of their success, a result of their struggle, and fruit of their†¦show more content†¦We can say that they are not successful because they do not earn a lot of money. Lastly, there are other people who effectively earn a lot of money and are successful at the same time. But this success is not related to the money t hey earn but related to other thing. As an example the president of the country can earn a lot of money and he is a very successful person. His success does not has a relation with the money that he earns but with the decisions he makes to improve his country forward and help the citizens to have a good life in this country. Some people think that the people who are earned a lot of money are successful because they can buy whatever they want. I think we are not successful when we can buy what we want but we are successful if we know what to make with the money we earn to keep this success. It is wonderful to earn a lot of money and being successful at the same time. However, we have to understand that earning a lot of money cannot absolutely to the success but the success can lead in most cases to earn a lot of money. As competitions are getting more and more fierce, people are concerning about the problem of money more than ever before. I can’t deny the fact that money is something we depend on to raise family and get advanced education or so, but I also want to say that money is not everything. I totally disagree with the idea that only people who earn a lot of money are successful as some strongly hold, for successShow MoreRelatedOnly People Who Earn a Lot of Money Are Successful.1852 Words   |  8 PagesOnly people who earn a lot of money are successful. Do you agree with this statement? The greatest impact on society factor is money. Money has become common measures of success. Money has make people feel safety, happy and money also can satisfied their needs. Some people believe that only people who earns a lot of money is successful. However, others believe that one who does not earn much money can be a successful too. Nowadays, there are more and more competitions in the reality, peopleRead MoreIs College Education Really Worth It?1485 Words   |  6 Pageswould as a high school dropout or even graduate! it will allow you to earn a more gainful amount of money than a high school dropout and graduate and even more than a 2 year college degree. Although if you are a 2 year college graduate or 4 year college graduate and studied in the field of mechanical engineering, graphic design, or even becoming an analytics manager then you would possibly be able to make more money than that who obtained a 8 year degree. College education also allows for more jobRead Mor e Comparing Success in Horatio Algers Ragged Dick and the Life of Colin Powell1062 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess means money and fame. In other societies, success might have different meanings. Some people said money and fame is the true meaning of success, but I think that the true meaning of success is to follow the interest of your own and being good at it, but not money and fame. Overemphasizing on these two factors can only lead to negative effects. Therefore I think the definition of success in capitalistic countries should not be focused on money and fame, because it restricts people from followingRead MoreThe Millionaire Next Door Essay888 Words   |  4 Pagesto the authors, most high income earners are not rich, which surprised me. Most people with high incomes fail to accumulate any lasting wealth. They live hyper-consumer lifestyles, they spend their money as fast as they earn it. I always perceived millionaires as living the lavish life with their big sport utility veh icles and huge mansions. Well I was wrong, in order to accumulate wealth, one must not only earn a lot (play â€Å"good offense†), but also develop frugal habits (play â€Å"good defense†). ThisRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education718 Words   |  3 Pagesis primarily a successful future. Right now college is a benefit to ones upcoming life. One will face difficult trials in life and college is the main reason how problems can be fixed. Earning a college degree is a major step that its becoming the American dream. Go to college, get a job, buy a house, and raise a family. It may not always be that simple, but it all starts with a college education. A college education is valuable because one can maintain a job, earn more money and is more likelyRead MoreCollege Degree Vs High School Diploma1142 Words   |  5 PagesDiploma Do we really need a college degree to be a successful human? Is a high school diploma good enough to live a great life? Does working at a fast food franchise such as Mcdonald s appeal to you? Do you want to work a nine dollar wage job for the rest of your life? Working a nine hour job, whereas you can be earning forty dollars an hour seem fair? I strongly consider that having a college degree is well accepted and needed to be a successful person in todays society. I will illustrate you pointsRead MoreThe Importance of College Education1366 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost every child will hear thousands of times while they are growing up. They constantly are bombarded by the idea that they must go to college if they want to be successful. However, what if this is a false statement. What if college isn’t as great as everyone makes it out to seem. Well, these days some people believe that young people are better off, not going to college. Over the years the economy around the wor ld has changed. It has prospered, and it has fallen. As the economy went downhill theRead MoreHigher Education Is The American Dream Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesyour own. For example when you research a topic, it forces you to analyze and study other people s work. While during research, it requires one to form a clear view of their own thoughts in order to determine what information to gather and analyze. Critically thinking about the information obtained in research helps an individual determine whether the evidence is useful and reliable. Higher education gives people an opportunity to break their bias bubble, by ensuring that they encounter differencesRead MoreOp 5 Passive Income Ideas On The Internet1099 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle on Pinterest Expert Author Ardiv Jauhari A dream that millions of people share is making passive income on the internet. The idea that you can build a website, provide a product, service or information and then sit back to watch the cash flow in is certainly appealing. However, building a passive income is another matter as it does take work, perseverance and commitment in order to make it work. For every person who sits back to watch the cash flow in, there are dozens of others still strugglingRead MoreAn Article On The Homeless Hotspots985 Words   |  4 PagesFirstly, the major dilemma that is occurring right now is whether or not the homeless people should be on the streets wearing a t-shirt identifying them as homeless. Also on the back of the t- shirt it would have their last name on the shirt so people would know who they are. The issue or issues at hand are is this exposing the homeless population and labeling them, or is this a good thing to give homeless people an opportunity. Some may argue that it is degrading for someone that is homeless to be

The Probability Of Having Effective Cultural Interaction

the probability of having effective cultural interaction and communication in a majority Muslim country and the Muslim community. This understanding of the cognitive and behavioral strategies that are most likely to result in effective intercultural communication thus helps to understand and/or accept the similarities and differences in the background, experience, culture and perspectives of individuals from a culture different that mine. This is the fourth most important dimension as it is seemingly impossible to obtain without the other three dimensions, but still important nonetheless. It is important because as the world is becoming more global with the help of technology, travel and education the success of these encounters will†¦show more content†¦This affected the country as whole especially politically. This is why it is so important to have this skill as not having can have serious, negative ramifications on society as a whole. Another example of what could happen if people do not understand or accept similarities and differences of people from other cultures, is that they can dehumanize and seriously mistreat people of that culture. For instance, this is done in most wars. Due to the fact that that some people lack the ability to understand and accept the similarities of people who are different from themselves they begin to label them or ‘otherize’ them. Like in WWII we labeled the Japanese as rats because when you label them and don’t think of them as human beings it is easier to commit atrocities to them and their people. A more modern example would be today where we tend to ‘otherize’ Muslims. This leads to fear which will undoubtedly manifest itself in the form stereotypes. â€Å"What makes a stereotype a stereotype is that the belief in question is applied broadly to a group of people and is often assumed of group members based solely on their group membership (Simon, 2011). Stereotypes often lead to negative and harsh feelings towards people different from ourselves. The authors of our textbook touch on this as they state, â€Å"Whereas prejudice refers to people’s attitudes or mental representations, the term discrimination refers to the behavioral manifestations of that prejudice. ThusShow MoreRelatedRacial And Ethnic Diversity Within The United States914 Words   |  4 Pagesculturally competent care to patients, in turn providing high quality care. According to deChesnay and Anderson (2016), cultural competence is a way of providing care that takes into account cultural differences between the nurse and the patient, while meeting the health needs of the patient (p. 33). It s an ongoing process for nurses, which involves accepting and respecting cultural differences and not letting your own personal views and beliefs influence how you care for your patients. There areRead MoreHow Can Education Be A Solution For Increase Cultural Competency?1386 Words   |  6 Pageseducation be a solution to increase cultural competency? It is ben eficial to establish cultural competency skills in students to prepare them for future work in the health sector especially as there continues to be growth in the minority population. Cultural competencies must be meaningfully incorporated into the curriculum to show student for how important it is for their community to be able to help people of different ethnic backgrounds (Knox and Haupt, 2015). Cultural competency can be incorporatedRead MoreThe Aging Process For The Older Adults Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"productive,† and â€Å"effective† aging (Katz Calasanti, 2015). John Rowe and Robert Kahn (1997), both of them are the founders of the Model for Successful Aging Revisited, indicated that successful aging involves the interaction of three related components: â€Å" Low probability of disease and disease-related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, and active engagement with life. All three terms are relative and the relationship among them† (p.433). Low probability of disease indicatesRead MoreOrganizational Biology And The Information Management1661 Words   |  7 Pageswell as the overall organization. Problem Definition: Cultural Challenges Differences in culture between the scientists and IM is the root cause for disconnect between the two groups. The scientist’s preference is to work alone. They do not see the value of working in a group sharing ideas, successes or failures and think it is a waste of time (Makarov, 2012, p. 1). The IM department is the polar opposite; they need, and rely on, team interaction and make most of their decisions when discussing topicsRead MoreEffective Leadership Skills Among Tutors1610 Words   |  7 PagesChapter Two: Literature Review There is a great volume of literature on the need for effective leadership skills among tutors in order to promote student learning through quality instruction. As mentioned in the previous chapter, this realization is significant for many reasons. As such, this chapter reinforces the research question through a critical analysis of the existing literature with the aim of coming up with a different line of thought. As such, the study could offer a new dimension of leadershipRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Leadership Skills Among Tutors1597 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a large volume of literature on the importance of effective leadership skills among tutors in order to promote student learning through quality instruction. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the realization of quality instruction is significant for many reasons. As such, this chapter reinforces the research question through a critical analysis of the existing literature with the aim of coming up with a differ ent line of thought concerning leadership. The study could offer a new dimensionRead MorePersonal Statement : Critical Synthesis Paper1487 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagers have a lot of tasks on their plate, even more so than managers of the past due to stricter rules and regulations imposed by the Federal Government, as well as the arduous amount of paperwork involved with documenting employees work habits and interactions be they good or bad. Ad on top of all this the need for annual or quarterly performance appraisals and daily supervision, it can make a manager feel overwhelmed, especially if they have employees who don’t seem to be overly motivated to do theirRead MoreFactors Influencing Women s Participation1582 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals. This normally occurred between 3:00pm - 6:00 pm on match days, and 4:30 pm- 11:00 pm on training days. Interviews transpired at the convenience of the participants which occurred mostly between the hours of 11 am - 4:00 pm. Sampling Two non-probability sampling methods were used. The first method was purposive sampling which followed the steps outlined by Spradley (1979:47) to select the participants. This was achieved by doing a reconnaissance study. The exploration process got me acquaintedRead MoreFactors Influencing Women s Participation1407 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals. This normally occurred between 3:00pm - 6:00 pm on match days, and 4:30 pm- 11:00 pm on training days. Interviews transpired at the convenience of the participants which occurred mostly between the hours of 11 am - 4:00 pm. Sampling Two non-probability sampling methods were used. The first method was purposive sampling which followed the steps outlined by Spradley (1979:47) to select the participants. This was achieved by doing a reconnaissance study. The exploration process got me acquaintedRead MoreIntervention ( Plano Clark And Creswell2960 Words   |  12 Pagespopulation. In probability sampling the researcher selects individuals (or units, such as schools) from the population through a random process so that each individual has a known chance (or probability) of being selected. You can think of probability sampling as the researcher putting everyone’s name from the population into a hat and drawing out names at random to participate in the study. In cases where probability sampling is not feasible, a researcher uses non-probability sampling. In non-probability

Implementation on teaching and learning approach Free Essays

Nizwa College of Technology ( NCT ) follows a strategic program to accomplish its Vision and Mission as stated in NCT College Strategic Plan ( CSP ) . One of the ends of NCT is to offer high quality of instruction, larning and developing chances to all its pupils in line with the demands of the market [ Goal 2, NCT CSP ] . To guarantee that all the sub-goals [ Sub-Goal 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Implementation on teaching and learning approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d ] pertaining to instruction and acquisition are achieved, the College through the Assistant Dean of Academics ( AD Academics ) encourages all academic staff to implement the ADRI [ QAM, p73 ] analysis in their instruction and larning map. The ADRI theoretical account for learning and acquisition is developed by AD Academics and is traveling to be presented in 13 June 2010 in the International Conference on Higher Education and Quality Assurance in Mazoon College, Muscat. Deployment In line with its aims, the first NCT Quality Assurance workshop for the College staff was conducted on 16th October 2008 where one of the subjects discussed is ADRI theoretical account. In his presentation, AD Academics explained to the participants how to efficaciously utilize the ADRI theoretical account in the assorted procedures they are making in the behavior of their work. He specifically provided an ADRI theoretical account related to class bringing and other related activities. The AD Academics requested the academic staff to get down utilizing ADRI in their instruction and larning map. The execution of the ADRI analysis in NCT started in Semester 1, 2008-2009. To promote more staff to get down utilizing ADRI, the AD Academics launched the â€Å" Best ADRI † competition among the staff for A.Y. 2008-2009. A staff from IT has won the competition by coming up with the most elaborate ADRI for his class in IT Project. A 2nd ADRI presentation was conducted on 26th of May 2009 attended by about 110 NCT lectors. Harmonizing to NCT QAFU Portal, â€Å" the AD Academics emphasized in his presentation the importance of utilizing the theoretical account in placing programs for learning every academic twelvemonth, purely following the said program, analysing the consequences afterwards, and so supplying suggestions for betterment to be carried out in the succeeding academic twelvemonth. He expound on the usage of the ADRI theoretical account in learning by giving illustrations and activities a lector can supply in each phase of the ADRI theoretical account, from attack to betterment. He said that it is really of import for the college to hold a unvarying execution of the ADRI theoretical account, peculiarly in learning and acquisition, so that an institutional criterion can be followed in respects the quality confidence work in this country. † At the beginning, it was observed that merely 10 % of the academic staff is implementing ADRI analysis in instruction and acquisition and most of the staff have doubts on how to implement it decently. Likewise, many new staff has arrived in the College that needed orientation on ADRI so a 3rd presentation was given by the AD Academics on 8th February 2010 to familiarise new staff with how ADRI analysis could be implemented in their maps. Similarly, a new competition for â€Å" Best ADRI † for the current academic twelvemonth was initiated and the engagement is about 40 % . A study on ADRI Implementation in Teaching and Learning as shown in Appendix A was conducted in NCT to verify the consciousness of all academic staff. The study besides tries to get information from staff sing the importance of ADRI in their academic work and acquire feedback on the possibility of ADRI execution in other countries of work. Furthermore, the study tries to obtain feedback on jobs in ADRI execution and possible ways of bettering the usage of ADRI in NCT. The study was conducted in all academic sections of NCT including the Business ( Bus ) Department, English Language Center ( ELC ) , Engineering ( Engg ) Department and Information Technology ( IT ) Department. There are 47 % respondents or 73 out of 155 academic staff interrupt down into 18 respondents from Business, 10 from Engineering, 27 from ELC and 22 from IT section. The questionnaire has a sum of 22 inquiries which take the respondents feedback and perceptual experience on ADRI Awareness ( Aw ) , Acquisition ( Ac ) , Usefulness ( Us ) and Effectiveness ( Ef ) . Open-ended inquiries were besides included in the study to take the respondents sentiment and suggestions sing ADRI execution in instruction and acquisition. Consequences Table 1 Percept of Staff on ADRI Implementation Harmonizing to Awareness, Acquisition, Usefulness and Effectiveness ( measured on a 5-point graduated table ) The consequence on Table 1 shows that the respondents agree that there is an â€Å" mean † consciousness on ADRI in footings of the information posted on the NCT web site, as a clear tool for appraisal and in footings of relaxation in implementing ADRI independently. The respondents besides perceived â€Å" mean † acquisition in footings of similitude to utilize ADRI in their everyday work. Respondents besides perceived ADRI as â€Å" mean † in footings of utility in heightening the pupil ‘s acquisition, as a tool for professional growing and for informing the staff how good they teach. In footings of effectivity, the respondents perceived that ADRI as â€Å" mean † in supplying better planning to academic work, increasing pupil interaction and engagement, and in bettering pupil ‘s consciousness. Table 2 Percentage of YES Responses to ADRI Awareness Questions Survey Items Business ELC Engineering Information technology Percentage Aw1a 94 89 100 100 96 Aw1b 50 74 20 27 43 Aw2 72 78 80 95 81 Aw3 83 70 80 55 72 Aw4 83 89 80 82 84 Based on table 2, it is clear that 96 % of the respondents are cognizant of ADRI and 43 % of the respondents have non used any self-assessment tool other than ADRI in their calling. 81 % of the respondents have used ADRI in their work but 72 % among them think that they still need aid in implementing it. Another 84 % agree that ADRI could be implemented in work other than learning. Table 3 Percentage of YES Responses to ADRI Acquisition Questions Survey Items Business ELC Engineering Information technology Percentage Ac1 72 63 90 73 75 Ac2 78 56 50 50 59 Ac3 56 59 60 59 59 Harmonizing to Table 3, 75 % of the respondents agree that utilizing ADRI has increased their accomplishments and 59 % prefer utilizing ADRI to other self-assessment tools and would besides wish to implement ADRI every semester for learning and acquisition. Table 4 Percentage of YES Responses to Usability Questions Survey Items Business ELC Engineering Information technology Percentage Us1 56 59 50 64 57 Us2 44 15 60 32 38 Us3 67 56 90 73 72 Us4 50 48 90 45 58 Table 4 shows that 57 % of the respondents think that ADRI helps in the immediate accommodation of learning pattern and 58 % agree that ADRI could be used to give justification of pupil results. Merely 38 % of the respondents agree that ADRI can be used to turn to all issues of instruction and larning although 72 % of them believe that it could be used to mensurate the booby traps and deficits in instruction and acquisition. Using the same study, feedback and suggestions were taken from the academic staff. Based on the feedbacks gathered, it is singular that utilizing ADRI made the academic staff aware of the importance of planning and good deployment attack in accomplishing the best consequences and covering more learning results. Harmonizing to the study, ADRI is the best tool for self-reflection and in happening out the countries that needs betterment and alteration. Furthermore, respondents agree that ADRI made the class bringing be aftering more effectual and helped a batch in bettering class stuffs, learning AIDSs and other teaching resources and methodological analysiss. They all agree that betterments from self-assessment utilizing ADRI has a great impact on the pupils ‘ category engagement and involvement in the category. Some of the notable and interesting positive responses from the study are as follows: â€Å" It made me more observant of what is go oning in the category and more sensitive to pupil ‘s demands † â€Å" We can measure ourselves in a better manner † â€Å" Better self-contemplation into manners of instruction, improved consciousness of the demand to better and modify certain countries † â€Å" No other better nutrient can replace ADRI in all our plants † â€Å" ADRI is passing the whole instruction procedure † â€Å" Any professional instructor unconsciously uses ADRI without believing about it † â€Å" ADRI is non a new tool, it is an in-built nature of the human existences † Most of the respondents feel that ADRI could be implemented efficaciously if the semester continuance is longer and some of them feel that ADRI becomes uneffective if academic staff is given different classs every semester because there will be no continuity and the betterments made based on the consequences can non be implemented. Some of the important negative responses from the study are as follows: â€Å" It requires more clip and paper work † â€Å" Since we are non certain about learning the same class once more, ‘Improvement ‘ portion of ADRI is less practical † â€Å" Analytic survey utilizing ADRI become less relevant for uninterrupted quality betterment which must be carried out the undermentioned semester or rhythm of learning and larning † â€Å" Deficit of clip † â€Å" It is acquiring progressively hard to make anything because of increased bureaucratism, lesson program composing, memos, meeting, test readying, pupil monitoring, etc. † Improvement Although 81 % of the respondents have used ADRI in their work and hold on the effectivity of utilizing ADRI in learning and acquisition, there is still 72 % that suggests for more information and workshops for better apprehension and execution. Some of the respondents suggested that best ADRI illustrations might be selected and discussed during the workshops so that more staff and pupils could profit from the procedure. Some of the respondents besides suggested that academic staff be required to fix ADRI merely in one ( 1 ) class per semester and ADRI could be implemented in all classs when all the staff is already familiar in utilizing it. Based on the consequences gathered from the study, NCT through the AD of Academic Affairs is be aftering for more workshops sing ADRI execution on instruction and acquisition. The workshops will be by section so that more issues can be addressed. The best ADRI from the 2 competitions will be disseminated to all the staff so that that they will hold more information on how to fix ADRI and same ADRI samples will be discussed during departmental workshops. During the workshops, staff from each section could be grouped together and inquire to fix an ADRI based on a given instance scenario. How to cite Implementation on teaching and learning approach, Essay examples

Solutions For Social Security Essays - Economy, Finance,

Solutions For Social Security Social Security is a hot topic of debate today, since most American's believe that the system is near collapse. The trust fund that Americans have been paying into for Social Security is likely to dry up in 2029 due to the large number of baby boomers heading into retirement. Franklin Roosevelt set up Social security to help the people that had worked and Struggled all their lives in honest toil. Social security was set up to accomplish two main goals. The first goal of Social Security is to act as a disability or life insurance policy that protects almost all Americans. Currently, there are seven million survivors of deceased workers and four million disabled Americans that receive income support from Social Security. The second goal is to provide lifetime retirement benefits that rise with inflation. Social Security payments for retirees are needed to keep half of the elderly Americans above the poverty line. A large number of baby boomers believe that they won't see a dime's worth of Social Security benefits, and most younger people assume that once they have reached retirement the program will be gone. There have been many proposed solutions to the Social Security problem. A first possible solution is to dramatically change the Social Security Payroll Tax. Another proposal is to change amount of benefits of the provided by Social Security. A third reform proposal includes investing Social Security money in stocks either by the government investing the money or by setting up mandatory IRA investing. Another major development in the future of Social Security is the recent proposals made by President Clinton's Advisory Committee on Social Security. In January of this year the Advisory Committee on Social Security presented a report of strategies to save Social Security. Shortly after the 261 page report was released there was a huge increase of debates and criticism over the future of Social Security. The issue facing American today is when and how to reform S ocial Security. Although the American public and political groups are unwilling to accept the burdens of social security reform, extensive reform is needed soon to continue paying the current benefits to American citizens. A change in the Social Security tax is a possible factor of reform to bring the Social Security program back on track. Currently the Social Security tax is a flat-rate tax paid on all employment earnings up to a specified limit. Due to inflation the limit is increased every year currently it is just over $60,000. This tax is much harder on a lower income individual because the higher income individual is only taxed on their income that is below a certain amount set every year. It has been proposed that if the limit on the payroll tax were lifted, two-thirds of the projected Social Security deficit would be eliminated. Once the limit on the payroll tax is lifted a rise in the tax rate of the employers and the employees by 1.1% is predicted to be enough to solve Social Security's problems. This is assuming that two evasive actions take place. First the government will have to keep its hands of this extra tax revenue gained by the tax increases. Second the proposed solution will only ha ve a chance to work if it is started immediately while the baby boomers are still able to add a little more cash to the trust fund for there own retirement. This solution isn't likely to be implemented by today's political system. The advisory council on Social Security would not pursue the lift of the limit because the support of the wealthy voters for Social Security reform would be lost. Americans are also weary of Social Security tax increases. The middle and lower class voters would also not support a Social Security tax increase. A recent poll by Money magazine found that 70% of the public is unwilling to pay more tax than the current 6.2% rate. Another proposed solution to Social Security's problems is a to decrease the amount of benefits received by retirees. The first way to reduce the amount of benefits that are being paid out is to adjust the CPI. Sen. Daniel Monynihan of New York (Dem.) has proposed that

Millers Crossing essays

Miller's Crossing essays In the opening sequence of Millers Crossing, Johnny argues that he has every right to kill Bernie Bernbaum, a fellow bookie who Johnny claims is selling information about fixed fights to outside sources. Johnny discusses his reasoning behind his wish to kill Bernie with Leo, another crime leader who somehow holds a power over Johnny. Johnny begins by stating that he is going to talk about friendship, character, and ethics. He goes on to describe how he sometimes cheats by fixing a fight-but maintains that Bernie goes a step further by selling the inside information to outside sources, and is making a profit off of it. The fact that Bernie betrays him, and that in addition is making money off of it, angers Johnny because he believes that it consequently leaves him in the jungle-or in other words, that it reduces him to a normal civilian level. As the master of his domain, the lead of his own crime agenda, Johnny is not used to this feeling of being among the people that bet on chance, and he does not want to be at this level. He is used to getting his own way and winning, and thus is searching for any scapegoat to crucify as the cause of all his misfortune. Johnny declares two pieces of evidence to back up his accusations; first, that out of town money comes pouring in as bets for the fights, and two, that the odds of the fixed fights go straight to hell. As the opening confrontation between he and Leo progresses, Johnny continues in his angered reproach of Bernie and gets more and more animated as he tries to convince Leo to arrange the killing. Leo denies the reasoning behind Johnnys wish, and Johnny is in turn frustrated at Leo. Evidently, Leo and Johnny are leaders of separate crime rings, and Leos ring is currently on top. Leos blas demeanor only eggs Johnny on more, as he bellows that he doesnt need to listen to Leo, and storms out of the room, becaus...

Canadian Governor General Michalle Jean Biography

Canadian Governor General Michalle Jean Biography A well-known journalist and broadcaster in Quebec, Michaà «lle Jean emigrated from Haiti with her family at an early age. Fluent in five languages- French, English, Italian, Spanish and Haitian Creole- Jean became the first black governor general of Canada in 2005. A social activist for women and children at risk, Jean planned to use the office of governor general to help disadvantaged young people. Jean is married to filmmaker Jean-Daniel Lafond and has a young daughter. Governor General of Canada Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin chose Jean to be the governor general of Canada, and in August 2005, it was announced Queen Elizabeth II approved the choice. After Jeans appointment, some questioned her loyalty, because of reports of her and her husbands support of Quebec independence, as well as her dual French and Canadian citizenship. She repeatedly denounced reports of her separatist sentiments, as well as denounced her French citizenship. Jean was sworn into office Sept. 27, 2005 and served as the 27th governor general of Canada until Oct. 1, 2010. Birth Jean was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 1957. At the age of 11 in 1968, Jean and her family fled the Papa Doc Duvalier dictatorship and settled in Montreal. Education Jean has a BA in Italian, Hispanic languages and literature from the University of Montreal. She earned her masters degree in comparative literature from the same institution. Jean also studied languages and literature at the University of Perouse, the University of Florence and the Catholic University of Milan. Early Professions Jean worked as a university lecturer while completing her masters degree. She also worked as a social activist, as well as a journalist and broadcaster. Michaà «lle Jean as Social Activist From 1979 to 1987, Jean worked with Quebec shelters for battered women and helped establish a network of emergency shelters in Quebec. She coordinated a study on women as victims in abusive relationships, which was published in 1987, and she has also worked with aid organizations for immigrant women and families. Jean also worked at Employment and Immigration Canada and at the Conseil des Communautà ©s culturelles du Quà ©bec. Background of Michaà «lle Jean in Arts and Communications Jean joined Radio-Canada in 1988. She worked as a reporter and then host on the public affairs proframs Actuel, Montrà ©al ce soir, Virages and Le Point. In 1995, she anchored Rà ©seau de lInformation Radio-Canada (RDI) programs such as Le Monde ce soir, LÉdition quà ©bà ©coise, Horizons francophones, Les Grands reportages, Le Journal RDI, and RDI là ©coute. Beginning in 1999, Jean hosted CBC Newsworlds The Passionate Eye and Rough Cuts. In 2001, Jean became an anchor for the weekend edition of Le Tà ©là ©journal, Radio-Canadas major news show. In 2003 she took over as anchor of Le Midi, the daily edition of Le Tà ©là ©journal. In 2004, she started her own show Michaà «lle, which featured in-depth interviews with experts and enthusiasts. Addtionally, Jean has participated in a number of documentary films produced by her husband Jean-Daniel Lafond including La manià ¨re nà ¨gre ou Aimà © Cà ©saire chemin faisant, Tropique Nord, Haà ¯ti dans tous nos rà ªves, and Lheure de Cuba. After the Governor General Office Jean has remained publicly active after her service as the federal representative of the Canadian monarch. She served as a special envoy of the United Nations to Haiti to work on education and poverty issues in the country, and she was also the chancellor of the University of Ottawa from 2012 to 2015. Beginning on Jan. 5, 2015, Jean began a four-year mandate as the secretary general of the International Organization of La Francophonie, which represents countries and regions where French language and culture has a significant presence.

GMO the Necessary Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GMO the Necessary Evil - Essay Example The discussion of whether Genetically Modified Organisms are good or bad for consumption can go on without a conclusion. My goal in this paper is to bring out both the negative and positive effects genetically modified organisms have and to show how essential they are. To achieve this goal, we shall start by looking at the negative or the health risks associated with genetically modified organisms citing evidence from different authors, and then I will discuss the reason why genetically modified foods were introduced and why I think they are a necessary evil. Now that we have introduced GMOs, let us look at the health risks associated with this kind of food. Although Genetically Modified Organisms were introduced in 1996, their side effects on human health have already been noticed; there have been increased reports of allergic reaction, toxic hazards (Wald and Michael 46). These side effects may be seen as minimal, the most worrying are the long term effects which may be more drastic. Children with life threatening allergies are associated with GMOs increased intake. There have been 37 reported deaths of people associated with the side effects of GMOs (Smith 258). Moreover GMOs have been associated with birth defects, stillbirth, infertility, cancers and miscarriages (Bodiguel 45). Researchers claim that glyphosphate found in GMO are the cause of malformation chicken embryos and these effects were evident to human birth defects in areas associated with genetically modified soy production. To be precise the researchers found malformation of the head were the new borne had a single eye (Wald and Michael 44). With long term exposure to genetically modified organisms the data  relating to the diverse effects will only increase as we continue to feed on GMOs without giving thought the negative effects they can have on our health and reproduction of future

Develop a methodology or conceptual approach to support research into Essay

Develop a methodology or conceptual approach to support research into a chosen new media user experience - Essay Example However within the twinkle of an eye, her train speedily arrives, gushing through the platform; bringing her viewing to an abrupt end. As she stepped onto the train, she could not stop thinking about the advert, wishing she could have seen the end. She manages to get a seat; pulls out her Vogue magazine, she looks up and notices the static adverts above her head. Suddenly, as if she had never been on the tube before, she actually realises that all the adverts are static. Then she asks herself â€Å"how come tube adverts are static?† Why has no one developed digital displays on the tube?† The recognition that there should be digital displays on the tube is an important consideration in the field of new media advertising. In establishing the methodological approach to this consideration one recognizes that there are first a number of overarching concerns that must be addressed. Perhaps the most pressing concern is the simple question of why such new media approaches to advertising have yet to occur. Such infrastructure considerations no doubt exist on a series of lines. From a purely infrastructure standpoint one recognizes that modern railway system emerged from earlier trains and much of the qualitative approach to infrastructure, in this instance print advertising appears to have been carried over from an earlier era and not enough consideration given to the increasing technological mediation of the modern world. In this regards the study design is aimed not only at determining the general effectiveness and best possible course of action of digital advertising disp lays, but also that it would financially benefit the rail system to implement these digital displays. With these considerations in mind the methodology advanced is firmly rooted in a logistical series of methods. This approach is akin to a mixed methods approach in that it involves both quantitative and qualitative assessment mechanisms. In terms of

Philosophical Basis Of Occupational Therapy

Philosophical Basis Of Occupational Therapy This paper aims to explore the defining of occupational therapy together with its philosophical basis, discussing the relationship between the philosophy of occupational therapy and practice, including the role of the College of Occupational Therapists (COT) and the Health Professions Council (HPC). This paper is going to be structured in essay form, beginning with a discussion of definitions of occupational therapy and the development of occupational therapy as a profession. Also discussed will be the roles of the COT and HPC with regards to occupational therapy training and practice. The HPC is the regulating body of occupational therapists, as well as fourteen other health professions such as speech and language therapists, biomedical scientists and practitioner psychologists. The HPCs primary function is to protect the public by dictating standards which the health professions must meet in both their training and practice (HPC, 2010a). The COT (also referred to as the British Ass ociation of Occupational Therapists or BAOT) is the professional body for occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the United Kingdom (COT, 2010b). It is important to define occupational therapy and have a broad knowledge about the profession as there has been a lot of role blurring and ambiguity with other health professions such as physiotherapists (De Wit et al 2006) particularly since occupational therapy gained interest in the area of psychosocial rehabilitation in the late 1980s/early 1990s (Sà ¶derback, 2009). This role blurring means occupational therapy as a profession is in danger of being seen as surplus to health authority requirements. With the current economic climate in a state of uncertainty it has been reported that the Government plans to cut funding to the National Health Service by  £20bn (Borland, 2010). If frontline staff are being cut, allied health professionals who cannot justify and defend their profession are at risk of being seen as expendable. Alternatively, role blurring can also mean occupational therapists are at risk of being utilised as more than one profession, for example a social worker (H olosko Taylor, 2006). The COT website clearly states the need for its members acting as ambassadors of the profession (COT, 2010b) implying the need for justification of occupational therapy is widely felt. This role blurring and ambiguity could be seen as both a cause and effect of the profession lacking a single, clear definition from which all bodies can explain occupational therapy. A single definition that encompassed all merits of the profession could give a clear justification of what therapists do and could be used to support their practice. However, there are many different definitions and newly qualified occupational therapists find it hard to explain to carers what their profession involves (Williams Richards, 2010). The COT itself changes the definition it releases over the years. The current BAOT definition encompasses the ideas of health and wellbeing obtained through occupation (COT, 2010a). This COT definition has no mention of occupations being meaningful or purposeful which is a core concept in occupational therapy. The idea of giving people meaningless tasks is outdated in modern theories so this definition has limitations. The COT (2009a) released a much broader def inition which encompasses a lot more of the theory of occupational therapy and more of the basis in which it is rooted. However, the terms used in this definition are very specific to occupational therapy and if someone outside of the profession were to read it, many of the terms would read as jargon, rendering the definition incomprehensible. On a positive note, this definition does mention fulfilling a persons potential and their quality of life which is an idea central to the philosophy of occupational therapy which many other definitions omit. The Committee of Occupational Therapy for the European Committees (1990) definition talks predominantly of preventing disability and promoting independent function. Even though this definition is fairly broad and encompassing, these two terms rule out a certain number of clients that an occupational therapist could work with. This definition implies that only people whose disability can be prevented and people with the potential to functio n independently would be assisted by occupational therapy. However this is not the case, occupational therapy has been applied to many areas of severe disabilities such as advanced HIV infection (Parutti et al, 2007). Other definitions incorporate ideas of competency and satisfaction (Knecht-Sabres, 2010) analyzing qualities of activities (Larson Von Eye, 2010) and everyday activities and subjective and objective aspects of performance (AOTA, 2002). So with so many differing ideas about what should be in a definition of occupational therapy, what important points should a good definition cover? Reed Sanderson (1999) outlined the criteria a definition should meet in modern occupational therapy. These included the unique feature of occupational therapy, major goals, outcomes, the population served, a summary of the service programmes and the process in which the service is delivered (Reed Sanderson, 1999, pp. 6). One reason occupational therapy may be difficult to define as a profession worldwide is due to the cultural differences. Occupational therapy is important in certain life aspects to a particular population and this may not be generalisable. For example, in Belgium the Fà ©dà ©ration Nationale Belge des Ergothà ©rapeutes (FNBE) has a definition which focuses in part on professional occupation, as well as activities of daily living and leisure (FNBE 2010). The Bangladesh Occupational Therapy Association (BOTA) incorporates the ideas of therapeutic exercise, special equipment and special skills training into its definition (BOTA, 2010). The Occupational Therapy Africa Regional Group (OTARG) is largely focused on the rehabilitation of disabled people in Africa (OTARG, 2010) but has recognised the need to apply culturally correct interventions to their clients dependent on what that specific region requires as many of the countries that are part of OTARG are poverty-stricken and there is a significant lack of resources available (Crouch, 2010). These cultural differences are indicative of the breadth to which occupational therapy can be used yet how it can make finding a single definition for the profession practically impossible to pin down. Finding a definition that utilises all of the concepts inherent in occupational therapy is also difficult due to the fact that the profession is ever changing and evolving. George Barton encapsulated one of the earliest definitions of occupational therapy in its history: OT is the science of instructing and encouraging the sick in such labours as will involve those energies and activities producing a beneficial therapeutic effect. (Barton, 1919, pp.62) Although this definition was over eighty years ago, much of what was in this definition is still applicable to occupational therapy today, however the profession has been through some major transitions since. The foundations were grounded in a number of historical influences such as the arts and crafts movement, the influence of the Quakers and the mental hygiene movement, amongst others (Reed Sanderson, 1999). One of the most influential however was the moral treatment movement, borne out of the humanistic frame of reference which introduced the concept of work having a positive effect on health (Sà ¶derback, 2009). The first paradigm of occupational therapy reapplied the moral treatment ideals in caring for ill and disabled people. The core beliefs of this paradigm focused on the occupational nature of human beings and the interrelationships between the body, mind and environment (Kielhofner, 2009). Some of the core skills and processes of occupational therapy that are used today could have been inherent in the profession since the very first paradigm such as using activities as therapeutic interventions and assessments of the occupational performance of clients (COT, 2009b). In the late 1940s occupational therapy was swept into reductionist ideals and a need for a theoretical rationale. This new paradigm is referred to as the mechanistic paradigm and using the biomedical frame of reference focused largely on what could be measured quantitatively and scientifically, particularly with; the systems in the body, the neuromotor control and muscuoskeletal performance (Kielhofner, 2009). Some core skills of occupational therapy are rooted in the main ideas of the mechanistic paradigm such as enablement and environmental adaptations (COT, 2009b). Certain stages of the process of occupational therapy could have been developed through the beliefs of the mechanistic paradigm too, in particular the assessment stage which involves assessing clients strengths, weaknes ses, environments and support systems. Another stage which could be linked to the mechanistic paradigm is the intervention stage. This involves engaging in activities that have been analysed, graded and sequenced (Larson Von Eye, 2010) which is also a quantitative and reductionist ideal. The scientific aspect of the paradigm did better establish the profession with the World Federation of Occupational Therapists being inaugurated in Stockholm in 1952 (Sà ¶derback, 2009). The mechanistic paradigm, however, lost sight of the origins of occupational therapy; that occupation was central to the profession and that engagement in occupation can be beneficial to health and wellbeing. Mary Reilly, a fundamental figure in the profession in 1962 gave a seminal lecture and definition that was to change the outlook of the profession once again: Man, through the use of his hands, as they are energised by his mind and will, can influence the state of his own health. (Reilly, 1962, pp. 2) This direct quote encapsulates the change that ended the mechanistic paradigm of occupational therapy and recognised the need to return occupation to the centre of occupational therapy (Molineux, 2004). Following the mechanistic paradigm, a new paradigm emerged which Kielhofner (2009) coined the contemporary paradigm. This paradigm is that in which occupational therapy is practiced today. This focuses on the belief that occupation is central to health and wellbeing and the profession should focus on occupational needs and how neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations affect a clients occupational performance, as opposed to what the limitations are. This paradigm focuses on the interrelationships between a person, their environment and their occupation (Kielhofner, 2009). There are, however, some new ideas that were not inherent in the original paradigm such as the client-centred frame of reference and the use of client-centred practice. In 1919, Barton wrote that the patient cannot be trusted to select his own occupation (Barton, 1919, pp. 20). In the contemporary paradigm, client-centred practice defines the client as having more of a choice and more power in the client-therapist relationship (Sumsion, 2006) and Bartons ideas would not be acceptable. There are three main roles that have been identified as important for occupational therapists; the therapeutic role, the consulting role and the team member role (Sà ¶derback, 2009). These roles are fairly modern ideas that are borne out of the beliefs of the latest paradigm. The COT became a member of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists in 1952 (WFOT, 2010) when it was first set up during the mechanistic paradigm. The role of the COT is to set professional guidelines which occupational therapists and students must adhere to in practice, with regards to service user welfare, provision of the service, personal and professional integrity, competence, continual professional development and developing the evidence base of the profession (COT, 2010a). The HPC state they protect the public by having professional standards and guidelines that must be met by the professions that they govern (HPC, 2010a). They have a register of all of their health professionals which members of the public can check to make sure any professional working with them is registered, qualified and competent (HPC, 2010b). The HPC also deals with all disciplinary matters and has three different committees for dealing with fitness to practise hearings with registered profession als; the conduct and competence committee, the health committee and the investigating committee (HPC 2010c). As well as protecting the public against incompetent practitioners, the guidelines put in place could also be to protect the profession against scrutiny or disrepute. The COT and HPC are an integral part of practising as an occupational therapist and students are provided with their own copy of the COT Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct to read and digest. However, a big problem of the students of occupational therapy and other professions once qualified is the theory/practice divide; a student can have all the theoretical knowledge needed but lack the ability to effectively apply that knowledge to practice. Core areas in occupational therapy that are limited due to a lack of practice experience include client-centred care, enhanced clinical reasoning skills, the development and use of a therapeutic relationship and a deep appreciation of the person, environment and occu pation impact (Knecht-Sabres, 2010). It may be said that this lack of practical experience is due to the strict guidelines of education in the COT. A large body of knowledge has to be understood in order to qualify and register as an occupational therapist. However the COT also have guidelines about how much clinical experience a student needs before they can qualify so they do recognise the need for practice-based learning and incorporate it as much as possible. Once qualified, the COT and HPC guidelines on continual professional development state that a registrant must continue learning and be up to date with policy, guidelines and research. This aims to ensure that practices do not become outdated which would widen the divide between core theory and practice. The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (COT, 2010a) being handed out to all students and professionals is a good basis for students to start from before their practice placements, yet it may be hard to practically apply what is in the Code until it is ingrained in ones knowledge of how to apply it in practice. One way suggested in which to bridge the theory and practice divide whilst learning in an institution with limited clinical experience is a good use of reflective practice. Reflecting in action during an intervention as well as reflecting on action (Schà ¶n, 1983) can enhance advanced clinical reasoning skills which would help bridge the divide (Knecht-Sabres, 2010). In conclusion, occupational therapy is a valid and important practice when used in accordance of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and the HPC guidelines. These guidelines are in place to safeguard clients and also the therapists themselves against practicing at an incompetent standard. These guidelines make it possible to further, justify and develop the profession and provide a definition or definitions in which to explain occupational therapy. There are, however, a large amount of standards to consider which one can read but will not become ingrained unless returned to repeatedly or learned and used in context. The true benefit of occupational therapy can get lost amongst the standards and guidelines as they can lead to a lack of clinical experience, a lack of reflecting in-action and perhaps issues of client-centred practice. One example is: if a client wants to work on their planned interventions late but it would interrupt with record-keeping due to time restrictions a therapist would have to refuse as record-keeping is an important part of COT guidelines, but this would not be strictly client-centred practice. Also a clients idea of a good quality of life may be different to that of the COT and HPC and it is the responsibility of the therapist to set out guidelines of what is acceptable, regardless of client choice. The profession, as shown in this paper is also ever-evolving and developing. It could be difficult to abide by the standards if the standards themselves are ever-changing. This is where continual professional development is a beneficial practice in overcoming this issue. The COT also sends out free copies of the British Journal of Occupational Therapy and the OT News, enabling all members to keep up to date with modern ideas and research.

Factors Affecting Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers

A STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES OF MOTHERS IN THE PHILIPPINESSantos, Samuel Edelson Pingol, Aaron Paul Villanueva, Lovely Ann Bermas, Mhelrick Andrew Brecia, Froyland Miguel Faustino, Donald Bulacan State University BSECE 2A Introduction Every day, as many as 4,000 infants and young children die worldwide because they are not breastfed. According to UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), it is because their mothers are not empowered with adequate knowledge about breastfeeding and do not receive enough motivation and support. Babies, their mothers, their families, their community, their environment, even the economy of the country in which they live, all benefit from breastfeeding. This research is generally about breastfeeding: its benefits and significance to infant nutrition and factors that makes impact on breastfeeding; the practices in the Philippines that affect breastfeeding; and analyses by organizations concerned in breastfeeding. The given timeframe for the group research is the month of July and some weeks of August. The group decided to use a topic about health and wellness since nutrition is celebrated in that month. Another reason that encouraged pursuing the topic is that the world has celebrated its 20th Annual Breastfeeding Week last August 1-7, 2012 making the research timely. Abstract The objective of conducting this study is to evaluate the breast feeding practices adopted by women in the Philippines, and to show factors affecting time of initiation of breast feeding, age of weaning, and food given to the baby other than breast milk. It aimed to describe the elements affecting breastfeeding and to find out the significant relationship between breastfeeding and health of the child. The breast feeding practices adopted in terms of duration, frequency, exclusiveness of breast feeding and weaning have great impact on complete physical, mental and psycho-social development of the child. The superiority of breast milk compared to other types of milk for the nourishment of the human infant offering better health benefits. Early childhood is characterized by rapid growth, maturation of tissues and remodeling of organs. Breastfeeding is the optimal method for feeding infants. All the nutritional needs for most of these children are provided by breast milk in the right amounts and duration. Exclusive breast feeding was practiced by 40% of the mothers for first six month of life. The data obtained were analyzed using percentiles. Although the findings indicated that 34% of the mothers practiced breastfeeding and 84% supplemented with complementary foods, only 40% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. This study emphasizes the need of breast feeding education program regarding the duration of exclusive breast feeding. In comparison between rural and urban countries, studies have found out that mothers from rural areas have higher rates of breastfeeding than urban mothers. Another concept of the study is about the factors that affect breastfeeding patterns of mothers. These are demographic, socioeconomic and health service factors. Apart from breastfeeding, the research prior discussed about the loads of benefits people can get from breastfeeding and breast milk. There are psychological, health and contraceptive benefits one could get through breastfeeding and breast milk. To all infants, specifically Filipino children, should have the best protective ways against infection and malnutrition through exclusive breastfeeding. I. Breast milk: The most suitable food for human newborn A. Benefits of Breastfeeding 1. Emotional Health 2. Protective Action 3. Anti-infective properties of breast milk 4. Psychological profit 5. Effective contraception B. Formula Feeding II. Practices in the Philippines that contribute to problem of breastfeeding A. Duration (short) of breastfeeding in the Philippines B. Deprivation of beneficial effects of colostrum due to delayed breastfeeding III. Literature Review A. Breastfeeding and Supplementary Feeding 1. Breastfeeding in rural countries . Breastfeeding in developed countries B. WHO Recommendations 1. WHO Code (Definition of Terms) 2. DOH (Philippines) C. Factors Influencing duration of breastfeeding 1. Demographic Factors a. Mother’s age b. Parity c. Subsequent pregnancy d. Birth order of child e. Sex of the child f. Residence 2. Socioeconomic Factors a. Mother’s Education b. Mother’s Occupation c. Father’s Education d. Household economic statu s 3. Health Service Factors a. Antenatal care visits b. Place of delivery and mode of delivery c. Advice from health personnel 4. Conceptual Framework IV. Personal Overview and Conclusion Breast milk: The most suitable food for human newborn. The benefits of breastfeeding There are loads of benefits we can get from the natural way of giving food to babies. It can be emotional, physical, psychological and economical. Breastfeeding contribute to emotional health. Babies and mothers who gave birth recently are quite emotional persons. Being sensitive is a natural effect that occurs after giving birth and babies are still delicate up to the time they are still crying a lot. According to Gerber [1], â€Å"from birth up to 6 months of age and beyond, breast milk is still the best milk mother’s can give to their babies. The best nutrition they can give at the same time having these advantages: Preventing allergies and infections by providing natural immunities; Speeding up the recovery of the uterus; decreasing intestinal problems for babies; and promoting psychological and emotional insurance for both moms and babies. † Breastfeeding executes protective action. Breast milk can provide protective action to infants. These are immunities and colostrums. According to Cocabo and Kin [3], ‘through antibodies found in breast milk, mothers can ensure protection from immunization. Breastfeeding naturally promotes proper nutrition for the babies. ’ â€Å"Breast milk contains infection fighting antibodies from the mother, and breastfed babies are believed to be at a reduced risk for many acute and chromatic infections early in life. The cholesterol content is also high in human milk and very low in formulas. Cholesterol promotes brain growth and provides the building blocks of hormones, vitamin D and intestinal bite† [4 p. 2]. 1] Gerber, â€Å"Some notes on breastfeeding†, Countdown: Nine Months to a Perfect Delivery, vol. 1, no. 1, 2004, pp. 31 [3] S. Cocabo and P. Kin, â€Å"Childcare: the first 3 years†, Your Health Guide: The Family Wealth, Medimarketing, Inc. , Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1994, pp. 26 [4] Medicine Net, Breastfeeding and formula feeding, Medicine Net, 1996, p. 2 [Online]. Availab le: http://www. medicinenet. com [Accessed: 18 July 2012] â€Å"Breast milk is best for your baby and the earlier he begins breastfeeding, the better. It has all the right nutrients at the right amounts. It costs nothing and helps you get back in shape. The first week after delivery, your breasts will produce colostrum – a thick, yellowish milk that is high in protein but very low in fat than actual breast milk. It also contains antibodies† [5 p. 23]. And according to Paraz [8], high-quality human capital may depend on mothers’ effort to breast feed their children. Health expenditures are lessened through breastfeeding, resulting to an organized health system. Breast milk contains anti-infective properties. Aside from immunity, breastfeeding has contents that can establish strong relationship between mother and child. Another one is that it can avoid pre- menopausal breast cancer. â€Å"If a multinational company develop a product that was a nutritionally balanced and delicious food, a wonder drug that both prevented and treated disease, cost almost nothing to produce and could be delivered in quantities controlled by the consumer’s needs, the very announcement of their find would send their shares rocketing to the top of the stock market. Women have been producing such miraculous substance, breast milk, since the beginning of human existence† [7 p. 1]. Breast milk gives psychological profit. Apart from emotions, the way mothers think, especially moms who gave birth on their first child, are vulnerable. They are experiencing adjustments on their lifestyle and even on their minds. The website Psychology today [2] says that, ‘the link between breastfeeding and anxiety decrease could serve as a source of sanity-preserver. The attention of nourishing of a child can appear remarkable in the best of situations. If a first-hand mother’s stress system where to boost in full-throttle every while the child cries or spits-up, motherhood can seem even more psychologically stimulating than it is. [2] PT Staff, â€Å"The benefits of breastfeeding†, Psychology Today, 01 January 1996 [Online]. Available: http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199601/the-benefits-breast-feeding [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [5] Wyeth, â€Å"Breast milk: The ideal first food†, Pampering Baby with Care: Your Baby Care Guide, Wyeth Nutrition, pp. 23, pp. 25 [7] The Quote Garden, â₠¬Å"Breastfeeding†, 1998, p. 1 [Online] Available: http://www. quotegarden. com/breastfeeding. html [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. , August 2007, pp. 8 Breastfeeding is an effective contraceptive. Parents usually wait for a year or more before making another child. But they cannot get rid of having coital activities with one another hence, they do family planning and make use of contraceptives. One form of a natural contraceptive is breastfeeding. The simplest way of contraception is Lactational Amenorrhea Method. It doesn’t require counting or any contraceptive method. For it to be successful, Epigee [6] suggests that ‘breastfeeding should be ASAP (as soon as possible), frequent, uninterrupted and exclusive. ’ As your baby suckles, nerve impulses travel through your body and are received by your brain. This signal the production of a hormone called prolacti n, which works to inhibit both FsH (Follicle stimulating Hormone) and GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone). As a result, ovulation does not occur and menstruation stops, making it almost possible to become pregnant’ [6]. Formula feeding There are cases that mothers are advised not to breastfeed. It could be a medical or a personal reason. However, there is an option for mothers that they can use if ever breast milk is not offered. Based on Wyeth Nutrition [5 p. 5], â€Å"prepared milk products are good replacement for breast milk. A paediatrician will suggest formulas that will suit for baby. These formulas have nutrients that are also found in breast milk. Conventional types of milk products are not advisable because it may lead to indigestion. Another thing is that those products have low iron content, not good aid curing IDA, and is lacking vitamin C, D and E. † Practices in the Philippines that contribute to problem of breastfeeding. Across East Asia, mothers are turning away from breastfeeding in huge numbers, regardless of the well-attested health risks to their babies. Filipino mothers are not mentally deficient but many are quite unsuspicious consumers and susceptible to the advance and sophisticated marketing techniques deployed by the milk powder companies. â€Å"Despite of the underlying beneficial effects of breastfeeding, both incidence and duration have been varying in most developing countries of the world, not the case in the Philippines. From 14. 5 months in 1963 – 67, the average duration of breast-feeding was declining to 12. 1 months during 1978 – 82. These decreasing rates drastically affect families having low income and inadequate child nutrition† [10]. Paraz [8] said, â€Å"Non-violation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes adopted by WHO in 1981 will initiate sufficiency on breastfeeding recommendations among mothers and families. † Duration (short) of breastfeeding in the Philippines. During 1997, the Philippines demonstrated only 10 percent of infants that were never breastfed at birth. The proportion of â€Å"never breastfed infant† was comparatively higher in 1983, which has an increase of 10 percent in rural and 27 percent in urban areas. Breastfeeding discrepancies between urban and rural, marked 34 percent of never breastfed infants, were found in Manila [10]. Breastfeeding duration is short though it is widely exercised and culturally established in the Philippines. No more than 14 percent of mothers keep on breastfeeding up to 2 years. [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 Deprivation of beneficial effects of colostrum due to delayed breastfeeding. Filipino women influenced by cultural norms and beliefs often think that colostrum is a dirty milk and should be eliminated. They delay breastfeeding several days after birth. Benefits of colostrum are consequently deprived. Practice of initiating supplements and non-nutritive liquids at an early age is a more serious problem. This supplementary feeding may contaminate diet for infants because of unfamiliar chemicals present in the food. It further reduces contraceptive effects for mothers. â€Å"Male infants in the Philippines are completely breastfed for a shorter duration compared to many Asian countries. Boys are supplemented, earlier than girls to meet the increasing necessities for growth. Increased diarrhoeal rates are caused mainly by this kind of supplementation among male infants. Moreover, boys receive more starchy staples while girls consume larger amount of green leafy vegetables. In effect, girls are much likely prone to malnutrition than boys. They have more serious eye damage from Vitamin A deficiency. †[10] All mentioned statements are considered as contributors to breastfeeding problems in the Philippines. For child survival, breastfeeding period should be given priority. For benefits of both mother and child, primary factors in feeding infants should be recognized. Many studies showed that breastfeeding manifests child health and well-being, including child survival and child spacing. Thus, it is important to know and to be updated about the current breastfeeding practices in the Philippines. Likewise, analysis of factors affecting short breastfeeding period should be dealt with. Literature Review In this section, the study made by experts regarding matters affecting breastfeeding and infant feeding will be assessed. It is expected that the data created by prior tests provide a framework for a review that follows. Breastfeeding and supplementary feeding WHO [9] states that, ‘babies must be completely breastfed for six months of age to attain the primary development and sufficient nutrition— important for lifetime wellness. ’ However, dietary necessities for infants are increasing as they grow, they should be also given complementary or supplementary foods but breastfeeding is still ongoing until two or more years. â€Å"As babies grow into young children, their nutritional needs change quickly. At around six months, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet a baby’s energy and nutrition requirements. The baby is also at a stage of development where he/she can start to swallow non-liquid food. The introduction of appropriate and nutritious complementary food to babies from this age is extremely important as it plays a crucial role in the child’s physical and cognitive development†[13]. From about 6 months of age, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to cover a baby’s nutritional requirements. He or she can also start to swallow non-liquid complementary foods at this stage, helping to support growth, brain development and the building of natural defenses. The period of weaning is critical for the future development and growth of infants. Breastfeeding in developed countries vs. developing (rural) countries. In urban countries, as Kyi [10] studied, duration of breastfeeding is reduced and supplemental foods are introduced early. It is because of [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. int [Accesed: 19 July 2012] [13] Nestle, Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding, Nestle, 2008. [Online] Available: http://www. babymilk. nestle. om/complementary-feeding [Accessed: 28 July 2012] the mothers’ occupation, which is conflicting with extended breastfeeding. Also, in these areas, availability of breast milk substitutes is sufficient making them to shift from breast to bottle feeding. On the other hand, in developing countries, breastfeeding is done until eight to twelve months due to unavailability of milk substitute and scarcity. Supplementary foods are deferre d causing malnutrition. Table 3. 1- Percentage (%) of children (2003-2008) who are: Country| exclusively breastfed| breastfeedingwith complementary feeding| till breastfed(extended)| | 0-5 months| 6-9 months| 12-15 months| 20-24 months| Afghanistan| -| 29| 92| 54| Bangladesh| 43| 74| 95| 91| Brazil| 40| 70| 50| 25| Cambodia| 60| 82| 90| 54| China| -| 32| 43| 15| Ethiopia| 49| 54| 94| 88| India| 46| 57| 88| 77| Indonesia| 32| 75| 80| 50| North Korea| 65| 31| 67| 37| Laos| 26| 70| 82| 48| Malaysia| 29| -| -| 12| Mexico| 38| 36| 32| 21| Myanmar| 15| 66| 85| 67| Pakistan| 37| 36| 79| 55| Philippines| 34| 58| 58| 34| Qatar| 12| 48| 32| 21| Saudi Arabia| 31| 60| 59| 30| Sri Lanka| 76| 86| 92| 83| Thailand| 5| 43| 32| 19| Turkey| 40| 71| 58| 26| United Arab Emirates| 34| 52| 50| 29| Vietnam| 17| 70| 78| 23| Zimbabwe| 22| 79| 87| 40| Above is a table containing statistics of children from selected developing countries who were breastfed, exclusively, with complementary foods and extended breastfeeding by UNICEF [16]. Countries Australia, France, Italy, Spain United Kingdom and United States were not included since they are [16] UNICEF, Statistics about breastfeeding, UNICEF, 2009. [PDF] Available: http://www. childinfo. org [Accessed: 28/ 7 /12] considered developed countries. Also Asian countries, also known as Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan, were excluded as they have graduated from being a developing country as declared by IMF (International Monetary Fund) [14] . Bangladesh and Ethiopia, countries from Asia and Africa respectively, and listed as least developed countries by the United Nations [14], has the higher percentage of breastfeeding rate compared to Malaysia and Thailand, considered the more developed countries, gaining lower rates with regards to the list. Breast feeding strengthens the economy by adding significantly to the national food supply. The economic value of mothers’ milk production is large, worth billions of dollars even in small countries. †[8 p. 8 para. 7] WHO Recommendations The World Health Organization (WHO) is the agency that supports and evaluates matters regarding nutrition, especially breastfeeding. Along with UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), powered by the Un ited Nations, their primary concern is child health and nutrition. For mothers to be able to start and maintain breastfeeding for six months, UNICEF and WHO [9] suggest that ‘breastfeeding should be initiated within the first hour of life, exclusive, on demand, and bottles or others should be avoided. WHO recommends mothers worldwide to exclusively breastfeed their infants for the child’s first six months to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Thereafter, they should be given nutritious complementary foods and continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years or beyond. ’ Globally less than forty-percent (40%) of infants fewer than six months of age are exclusively breasted. Adequate breast feeding support for children, mothers and families could save many young lives† [9]. [14] Wiki, Developing Countries, Wikipedia. org, 28 July 2012 [Online]. Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Developing_country [Accessed: 29 July 2012] [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observe r: Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. int [Accesed: 19 July 2012] Definition of terms Based on WHO Code (International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes) Breast-milk substitute- means ‘any food being marketed or otherwise presented as a partial or total replacement for breast milk, whether or not suitable for that purpose [17 p. 8]’. Complementary food- means ‘any food whether manufactured or locally prepared, suitable as a complement to breast milk or to infant formula, when either become insufficient to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the infant. Such food is also commonly called weaning food or breast-milk supplement [17 p. 8]’. Infant formula- means a breast-milk substitute formulated industrially in accordance with applicable Codex Alimentarius standards, to satisfy the normal nutritional requirements of infants up to between four and six months of age, and adapted to their physiological characteristics [17 p. 9]’ . Exclusive Breastfeeding- as Kathy ; Sue [12] said, it means, ‘setting off other foods for the infant, including water, the breast milk is the only food to be in taken by the child’. The Philippines Department of Health (DOH). Aside from WHO, the Department of Health is the main institution that is imposing activities and information egarding health and nutrition for Filipino mothers and infants particularly in breastfeeding. â€Å"In response to the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Philippines Department of Health strongly advocates breastfeeding for nursing mothers instead of using breast milk subst itutes. Republic Act 7600, known as The Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992, provides incentives to all government and private health institutions in the Philippines that support rooming-in and breastfeeding. The Act provides that newborn infants with normal deliveries be put to the mother’s breast immediately after birth, and roomed-in within 30 minutes; infants delivered by caesarean section should be roomed-in and breastfed within 3 to 4 hours after delivery†[15]. [17] WHO and Nestle, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, World Health Organization Geneva, 1981 [PDF] Available: http://www. babymilk. nestle. com/who-code-compliance and http://www. who. int [Accessed: 28 July 2012 12] Sue Ann Kendall and Kathy Dettwyler, Exclusive breastfeeding, Kathy Dettwyler, 3 August 1995. [Online] Available: http://www. kathydettwyler. org/detexclusive. html [Accessed: 25 July 2012] [15] NSO Manila and ICF Macro, Philippines: National Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Statistics Office Manila, Philippines and ICF Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA, December 2009, Chapter 11. [EBook]. Available: Measure DHS, http://www. measuredhs. com/publications [Accessed: 29 July 2012] Factors Influencing duration of breastfeeding Demographic Factors Maternal age: Many researchers found that older women tend to breast feed longer. It is likely that older women have more experience in infant feeding than younger women. They may know the benefits of breast-feeding by their own experience and as a result, they are more likely to breastfeed longer. A study [10] found that older women are more likely to continue breast-feeding beyond 18 months than younger women in rural. Parity: Parity of mother has significant effect on breast-feeding duration, usually women with higher parity breastfeed their children for longer duration. It is most likely that women with higher parity are usually older, less educated and less likely to involve in formal employment sector. Also, women with many children are more likely to be from rural areas and follow the traditional lifestyles. Therefore, they can breastfeed longer, which is a common phenomenon in rural areas. However, studies [10] found out that it could be depending on the setting. They found out that the tradition is a key in the duration of breastfeeding when it comes to parity. Birth order of the child: Some researchers found the positive relationship between birth order of the child and duration of breast-feeding. The higher the birth order of the child is, the longer is the duration of breast-feeding. It is because children of higher birth order are more likely to be borne by older mothers, who are less likely to engage in employment sector and can breastfeed them longer. Another reason may be that these mothers may have older children who help them in household work, so they have more time to breastfeed their babies. This is the common pattern in many societies. Sex of the child: It is one of the important factors influencing duration of breast-feeding. In some countries, male children are breastfed for longer period than female children due to son preference by cultural or religious reason. It is a common phenomenon in China, some South Asian countries and also in some Arab countries. A study [10] says that, in China of 4,084 ever-married women under age 50 in Shaanxi found that male children are breastfed longer than female children. On the other hand, reverse phenomenon is seen in some countries. Male children are fully breastfed for a shorter period than female children in the Philippines. Mothers supplement boys earlier to meet their increasing needs for growth than to girls or because of sex preferences that favor the provision of supplements to boys rather than to girls. Subsequent pregnancy: Researchers found the association between duration of breast-feeding and subsequent pregnancy of mothers. Generally, mothers discontinue breast-feeding as soon as they know that they are pregnant. It is because of a common belief that breast milk of pregnant women can rot and cause disease in the child. Similar pattern is found out based on the study [10] in Cebu, Philippines. Strongest determinant of breast-feeding duration is the mother’s perception of being pregnant. Most women who become pregnant while lactating stop breast-feeding before the end of the first trimester because they often say that pregnancy is associated with â€Å"sour milk†. Residence: Many researchers found that duration of breast-feeding varies markedly between urban and rural mothers. Although there is no exact reason why rural women breastfeed more and longer duration than urban women, some suggested that changing lifestyles in urban areas are not compatible with breastfeeding. This finding was supported by Kyi [10], that in the Philippines, during the period 1973-88, women who breastfed shortest duration lived in Manila City. This common phenomenon is the result of urbanization and changing social system in many parts of the world. Usually, family members can encourage women to breastfeed especially in extended families. Such families are more prevalent in rural areas. It is one of the reasons why rural women breastfeed more and longer than urban women. Along with modernization, women become more educated and take part in employment sector, which is usually incompatible with prolonged duration of breast-feeding. Moreover, utilization of modern maternity care services is common among educated women especially in urban areas, which less encourage women to breast feed for long period. These factors together with other factors contribute to marked difference in the duration of breast-feeding according to urban-rural differential. Socioeconomic Factors Mother’s Education: Effect of maternal education on duration of breastfeeding varies in different societies. Along with modernization, well-educated women tend to breastfeed for a shorter period especially in urban areas. It may be that as women become more educated, they are more likely to involve in formal employment, which is not compatible for longer duration of breast-feeding. However, the reverse pattern is seen in some developed countries since well educated women are more likely to breastfeed their babies and for a longer period. The possible explanation is that as women become more educated they become more aware of advantages of breast-feeding and thus they breastfeed their babies longer. A research [10] done in the Philippines found that women with higher education are more likely to breastfeed for a short time. The result is based on a study of 2,622 mothers in both urban and rural communities of Cebu City. Also, that highly educated mothers from families with highest income or asset categories are least likely to breastfeed and they do so for a short period. Mother’s Occupation: The work status of women causes a major difference in the duration of breast-feeding since it requires leaving the infant at home during working hours. Therefore, duration of breast-feeding is shorter among working mothers. In addition, type and pattern of job of mothers also influence the duration of breast-feeding in different societies. Location of work or distance of work from home, type of work, the other alternative available for child care and the income derived from the work all seem to be important. For mothers who work as suggested by WHO [9], time and place are the key things that affect the duration of breastfeeding. There is a necessity of time and place for them to continue breastfeeding. However, solutions like maternity leave, part-time work arrangements, breastfeeding breaks, etc. can help them going on with breastfeeding. Father’s Education: Like other factors, father’s education can also affect duration of breast-feeding. Usually, well- educated men can get a good job and as a result, they can earn sufficient income. Also, better-educated man tends to marry better-educated women. If both of them are employed, they can earn more income for the family. As their income increases, they can purchase household items such as refrigerator, gas or kerosene stove, which favors the use of breast milk substitutes. As such, it will lead to shorter duration of breast-feeding. Father’s education may also have positive effect on breastfeeding. It is because as fathers are well educated, they have more access to the messages from the health sector or from the mass media. As they understand the benefits of breastfeeding, they will encourage their spouses to breastfeed longer. The research [10] found out that there is an inverse relationship between father’s education and duration of breast feeding. Longer duration of breastfeeding is seen among children whose fathers are with no schooling or less schooling. Household Economic Status: In countries like Bangladesh, Mexico, Philippines and Vietnam, the relationship between household economic status and breastfeeding is inversed. Upper class babies are less likely to be breastfed than those of others [10]. [10] Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines: An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. int [Accesed: 19 July 2012] Health Service Factors In most developing countries, lower rates of breastfeeding and shorter duration are associated with health care services. ‘Breastfeeding rates are decreasing because health services are not receiving the support they need. [8 p. 8]’ Ante natal Care Visits: During these periods, the attitudes and beliefs of the health professionals influence the women’s own knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding. The more the pregnant women visit her ob-gyne, the more knowledge she can receive. It will lead to successful initiation of breastfeeding and continuation for the period advised by the health personnel. Place and mode of delivery: Utilization of health care services has an important effect on duration of breastfeeding. Practice of health workers at different health facilities can influence the women’s decision to breastfeed. On the other hand, the form of delivery can affect the duration of breastfeeding. Ireland [11] said that in normal delivery, women are more likely to breastfeed than those of via caesarean section. Healing process or the condition of the baby could be the two main factors given that women cannot choose their mode of delivery. Advice from health personnel: Duration of breastfeeding also depends on whether the woman receive advice on breastfeeding from health worker or not. In the Philippines, as researched by Kyi [10], there is no statistically significant effect of breastfeeding promotional messages on the intention and duration of breastfeeding. Conceptual Framework The underlying concept of this study is that duration of breast-feeding can be affected by demographic, socioeconomic and health service factors. Among many demographic factors; age of mother, parity, subsequent pregnancy, sex of child, birth order of child and residence (urban / rural) are assumed as important factors influencing duration of breast-feeding. Out of many socioeconomic factors, mother’s education, occupation, father’s education and economic level of household are regarded as major [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 [11] Jae Ireland, Factors affecting breastfeeding mothers, Livestrong, 15 July 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www. ivestrong. com/article/493114-factors-affecting-breastfeeing-mothers [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [10] Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines: An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. determinants of duration of breast-feeding. Among various health service factors, 3 factors are considered important for duration of breast-feeding. There are number of antenatal care visits, place and mode of delivery and whether the woman had received an advice on breast-feeding during the post-partum period or not. This conceptual framework is presented in the figure below. Independent VariablesCategoryDependent Variable Mother’s Age Parity Subsequent Pregnancy Birth Order of the Child Demographic Factor Sex of the Child Residence Mother’s Occupation Duration of Breastfeeding Mother’s Education Father’s Education Socioeconomic Factor Household Economic Status Ante natal Care Visits Place and Mode of Delivery Health Service Factor Advice from Health Worker Fig. 3. 1- Conceptual Framework: Factors Influencing Duration of Breastfeeding The most valuable thing mothers can give their babies during early years is the milk obtained from breastfeeding. This means of feeding infants is the earliest known form. It is widely used since the first human had existed. Until the present time, breastfeeding continues to promote many useful effects for people in diverged societies. â€Å"Breast milk is the most suitable food for human newborn and the safest way of feeding infants for the first four to six months of life†[8]. According to studies, it gives perfect nutrition for babies and builds the foundation for their healthy psychosocial progress. Human milk is the milk made specifically for human infants. It is always natural as it is. Because of this exceptional reason, benefit earners involve not only the infants but as well their mothers, their families, their community, their environment and even the economy in which they live The researchers observed several studies that revealed many advantages of breastfeeding. It is recognized as the best nutrient for infants; natural contraceptive for mothers for about 6 months post-partum; preventive action for mothers against breast and ovarian cancers and provision of bonding between mother and child. Breastfeeding is not just a matter of supplying better milk. Of course, the increased opportunity for parent-child bonding offered by breastfeeding is a widely known benefit of nursing. One of the most important advantages of breastfeeding is that the mother is present. This is nature's plan for keeping mother and child close, providing the connection and reassurance the child needs so profoundly. Breastfeeding, beyond all of its many physical benefits, has the built-in bonus of requiring the mother's close presence. In addition to its nutritive value, breast milk also has protective action against common infections. The milk secreted called â€Å"colostrums† contains anti-infective property which can prevent the newborn from diarrhea and pneumonia. If babies are probably prevented from those diseases, they will have a stronger immune system. The protective action of breast milk is very important for the child wellness. In the Philippines, to be particular, warm weather affects the spread rate of bacteria. As a result, infants may be largely exposed to common infections. Malnutrition plays a huge role in child mortality because the immune systems of these children are less resistant to common childhood diseases. This is why a common cold or bout of diarrhea can kill a malnourished child. By simply ensuring exclusive breast feeding for infants, malnutrition is somehow addressed. Aside from its direct effects on the health and well-being of babies, breast feeding has a profound impact on the economy. It strengthens the economy by adding significantly to the national food supply. The economic value of mothers’ milk production is large, worth billions of dollars even in small countries like Philippines. It also reduces future burdens on the health system. Exclusive breast feeding is giving infants is giving infants with only breast milk until 4 to 6 months of age. It greatly matters since it is attributed with almost complete protection against cholera and diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that all infants should be exclusively breastfed and begin to receive supplementary foods between fourth to sixth months. This means that feeding infants is not just to breastfeed them. It is to give them the proper nutrition through â€Å"exclusive breastfeeding†. With the right duration and process, organized health system is assured. Both â€Å"too short† and â€Å"too long† duration of breast feeding is not appropriate for child nutrition. The Philippines showed short duration of breast feeding cases according to the researchers’ study. Despite of the beneficial effects derived from breast feeding, both incidence and duration have been changing. This is a serious problem. When mothers shortly breastfeed, their babies tends to receive limited infection-fighting antibodies. Beneficial effects of colostrum are likewise deprived. It is necessary for mothers to know what contributes to problem of breast feeding practices in the Philippines. Because of traditions and customs in the Philippines, a belief passed over generations is often conceptualized. Filipino women believe that colostrum should be discarded because it is dirty milk. This common misconception about the colostrum must be rejected. In this case, mothers must also learn the current breast feeding practices to be informed and updated. Support for breast feeding must go beyond the hospital, and involve communities, work-places, local governments, workers’ unions, mass organizations and consumer associations, in addition to the already very acute nongovernment organizations. Mother’s effort is worth the health of their children. Health services should have support coming from the government. Breastfeeding period depends on whether the woman receives counseling on breast feeding from health workers or not. A health worker may influence a lot of mothers and encourage them to breastfeed exclusively. However in the Philippines, there is no significant effect of breast feeding promotional messages on the purpose and period of breast feeding. Furthermore, mothers breastfeed their babies for a dramatically shorter period if they were told to feed formula. As infant-formula sales increase, the number of breastfeeding mothers goes down. Local infant- formula companies spend billions of dollars a year to endorse their products. This is in contrast to poorly funded public health systems that fail to provide health workers with the skills and knowledge needed to promote breast feeding. Filipino mothers must be wise consumers and be aware of the marketing techniques to be considered on buying milk powder formulas. For wide application, the researchers found that breast feeding can be a solution to the rapid growth of population in the country. If mothers fully breastfeed longer than the old tradition, there is a delay for next pregnancy eve if she does not use any contraceptive method. Breastfeeding can be an instant and effective contraception. Considering all benefits offered by breast feeding, the group concluded that all infants, specifically Filipino children, should undergo exclusive breast feeding. References [1] Gerber, â€Å"Some notes on breastfeeding†, Countdown: Nine Months to a Perfect Delivery, 2004, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31 [2] PT Staff, The Benefits of Breastfeeding, Psychology Today, 01 January 1996 [Online]. Available: http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199601/the-benefits-breast-feeding [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [3] S. Cocabo and P. Kin, â€Å"Childcare: the first 3 years†, Your Health Guide: The Family Wealth, Medimarketing, Inc. , Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1994, pp. 26 [4] Medicine Net, Breastfeeding and formula feeding, Medicine Net, 1996, p. 2 [Online]. Available: http://www. medicinenet. com [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [5] Wyeth, â€Å"Breast milk: The Ideal First Food†, Pampering Baby with Care: Your Baby Care Guide, Wyeth Nutrition, pp. 23, pp. 25 6] Epigee,ContraceptiveBenefitsofBreastfeeding,Epigee,2012. [Online]. Available: http://www. epigee. org/fetal/contraception. html [Accessed: 19 July 2012] [7] The Quote Garden, Breastfeeding, 1998, p. 1 [Online] Available: http://www. quotegarden. com/breastfeeding. html [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. 7, Augus t 2007, pp. 8 [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. nt [Accesed: 19 July 2012] [10] Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines: An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. [11] Jae Ireland, Factors affecting breastfeeding mothers, Livestrong, 15 July 2011. [Online]. Available:http://www. livestrong. com/article/493114-factors-affecting-breastfeeing- mothers [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [12] Sue Ann Kendall and Kathy Dettwyler, Exclusive breastfeeding, Kathy Dettwyler, 3 August 1995. [Online] Available: http://www. kathydettwyler. org/detexclusive. tml [Accessed: 25 July 2012] [13] Nestle, Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding, Nestle, 2008. [Online] Available: http://www. babymilk. nestle. com/complementary-feeding [Accessed: 28 July 2012] [14] Wiki,DevelopingCountries,Wikipedia. org,28July2012[Online] Available: http://en . wikipedia. org/wiki/Developing_country [Accessed: 29 July 2012] [15] NSO Manila and ICF Macro, Philippines: National Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Statistics Office Manila, Philippines and ICF Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA, December 2009, Chapter 11. EBook]. Available: Measure DHS, http://www. measuredhs. com/publications [Accessed: 29 July 2012] [16] UNICEF, Statistics about breastfeeding, UNICEF, 2009. [PDF] Available: UNICEF, http://www. childinfo. org [Accessed: 28 July 2012] [17] WHO and Nestle, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, World Health Organization Geneva, 1981 [PDF] Available:http://www. babymilk. nestle. com and http://www. who. int [Accessed: 28 July 2012]